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Measurement Background   A large mining machine at a certain mining enterprise—a crusher—has experienced wear on its core drive bearing after long-term operation, requiring inspection, evaluation, and repair. The frame, as the carrier of core components such as bearings, requires high manufacturing precision. Traditional maintenance methods rely on manual experience to judge the position and extent of wear, which poses problems of low efficiency and difficulty in ensuring accuracy. To ensure that the repaired frame meets the precision requirements for normal equipment operation (error ≤0.1mm) after assembling components such as bearings, and to improve measurement and maintenance efficiency while reducing downtime, the client enterprise chose to use API Company's Radian Laser Tracker measurement system to achieve accurate diagnosis and repair verification of the relevant geometric tolerance data of the large equipment frame using digital inspection technology.   Measurement Requirements and Challenges   1. High-precision requirements: Every key position on the frame will serve as the connecting pivot point for important components, so a high detection accuracy is required, with a tolerance of less than 0.1mm;   2. High-efficiency requirements: When large mining machines are shut down for maintenance, every minute and second can cause economic losses to the enterprise. Therefore, high efficiency has become one of the strict requirements for maintenance. In this measurement, it is required to complete wear diagnosis and repair verification within a few hours;   3. Complex working conditions: The space available for measurement operations on-site is limited, and there are also factors such as temperature fluctuations that may cause interference.   Figure 1: The mining machine frame to be inspected in this case   Figure 2: API series laser trackers (models from left to right: Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLT / iLTx)   Advantages of Using API Laser Trackers for Measurement   1. High-Precision Measurement: The Radian laser tracker uses advanced laser measurement technology. Its built-in interferometric laser (Pro model) and absolute laser (Pro/Plus/Core models) ensure high precision and stability in measurements, achieving micron-level measurement accuracy (μm, 1/1000mm). In this case, it fully meets the company's requirement for measurement accuracy better than 0.1mm.   2. Efficient and Fast: The Radian laser tracker has a data acquisition rate of up to 1000 points per second, allowing a large number of measurement points to be collected in a short time, greatly improving measurement efficiency. Its single-person operability, along with the quick-mounting device and fast connection feature for accessory expansion, further reduces the time needed for measurement preparation and operation.   3. Portability and Flexibility: The Radian laser tracker features a compact design, with the main unit weighing less than 10 kilograms, making it easy to carry and install. It can be installed horizontally, vertically, inverted, or tilted, allowing flexible deployment even in confined measurement site environments, as in this case.   4. Automation and Intelligence: The Radian laser tracker comes with the iVision automatic target recognition and locking function. Even in low-light conditions, it can automatically search for and lock onto the target, reducing manual intervention and increasing the level of measurement automation.   5. Automatic Environmental Compensation: The Radian series laser trackers integrate a meteorological station system that can identify fluctuations in material temperature, air temperature, humidity, and air pressure at the measurement site in real-time, and perform automatic compensation as needed, minimizing the impact of external factors on measurement.   6. Pursuit of Excellence: The latest API iLT series laser tracker, building on the powerful performance of the Radian series, further integrates optimizations that reduce the main unit's size and weight by nearly 50% compared to the Radian series. It easily adapts to measurements in extremely confined spaces, portability for field use, and integration into various automated production line applications.   Figure 3: iLT Laser Tracker Portability Performance Display   Figure 4: Measurement site of this case   Figure 5: Measurement site of this cas   Measurement Process   1. Equipment Setup: In this case, the operator positions the Radian laser tracker at appropriate locations around the mining machine frame to be measured, ensuring that the measurement range covers the entire area to be measured.   2. Data Acquisition: The operator holds the laser tracker target sphere (SMR) with a built-in prism and touches the bearing positions to be measured. The Radian laser tracker emits a laser and continuously locks onto the center of the target sphere. When the operator stabilizes the target sphere at the measurement point or triggers the data acquisition command, the Radian laser tracker measures the 3D coordinates of the target point at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz (1000 points/second) and sends the measurement data in real time to the computer software for subsequent analysis.   3. Data Analysis: Once all point data have been collected, the measurement software is used to analyze the acquired coordinate data. By constructing corresponding lines, surfaces, and solids, as well as importing modeling data, the specific location and magnitude of bearing damage can be determined. This measurement data then serves as data support for bearing repair through patch welding and grinding.   4. Re-measurement: After frame repair, repeat the above measurement steps to compare and verify the measurement data of the repaired positions until satisfactory results are achieved.   Measurement Results and Repair   Through the precise measurement results of the Radian laser tracker, the locations and magnitudes of the frame damage were successfully evaluated. This data provided a strong basis for subsequent repairs.   After the repair was completed, the Radian laser tracker was used again to re-measure the repaired mining machine frame. The re-measurement results showed that the frame had been restored to a state suitable for normal operation, with excellent performance.   Figure 6: Measurement site of this case Summary   API's Radian series and iLT series laser trackers have played an important role in the measurement and maintenance of large mining machinery frames due to their high precision, high efficiency, portability, flexibility, and intelligent automation.   They not only meet the company's strict requirements for measurement accuracy and efficiency but also provide reliable data support for component repair. Ultimately, the repaired components passed re-inspection, restored normal working conditions, and ensured the stable operation of large mining machines.   This application fully demonstrates the strong advantages of API's laser trackers in the field of industrial equipment maintenance, providing valuable reference for the measurement and repair of similar equipment.    

About Marking Large Workpieces   Large workpieces, due to their massive size and heavy weight, require operators to have very extensive experience if traditional tools are used for measurement and marking. Even so, because of their large volume and weight, external factors inevitably interfere during operation, making it difficult to control accuracy and consuming a considerable amount of time. If the workpiece to be processed is not only large and heavy but also has curved or other irregular features, the difficulty of measurement and marking increases significantly.   API Large Workpiece Marking Solution   The Saturn series measuring and marking machine, developed by API, is a large piece of equipment that can effectively perform three-dimensional spatial measurement and mapping of complex components and models, as well as replace tools such as squares, marking needles, and height gauges for marking tasks. It is especially suitable for multi-directional measurement and marking of ultra-large workpieces and complex structures in industrial production sites.   Figure 1: Saturn Series Measuring and Scribing Machine   Advantages and Features   The Saturn series scribing machines are equipped with precision displacement sensors with IP protection rating, and the X-axis uses machine tool guide rails, ensuring stable and high-precision operation of the entire machine. The column and horizontal arm are made of high-strength lightweight aluminum alloy, and undergo natural and artificial aging, as well as deep anodizing treatment, making them lightweight and wear-resistant. The Y-axis adopts a patented structural design, which enhances the rigidity of the cantilever and effectively eliminates Y-axis deflection deformation common in cantilever-type equipment. Various operation and working modes such as manual, electric, and laser scribing can be freely combined, and dimensions can be customized according to customer requirements, greatly facilitating practical applications.   Figure 2: Large arc workpiece to be marked in this case   Application Case Record   The following records the application of the Saturn scribing machine in the measurement and scribing operations of large arc workpieces at a certain heavy industry enterprise:   Workpieces to be processed: Three 120-degree arc workpieces, which are assembled into a circular workpiece after machining (as shown in Figure 2).   Implementation Steps   ① Lift the castings onto the adjustable support fixtures of the scribing work platform, use the scribing machine to measure the height of the two crossbeam steel pipes, and adjust the supports under the frame to ensure the workpieces are in a horizontal state. As shown in Figure 3:     ② Use the API Saturn large 3D scribing machine to center the two holes on the end face of the scribe pin and scribe X-axis points on both sides with reference dimensions。 ③ According to the centerline of the two holes on the end face, scribe Y-axis points on both sides with reference dimensions; ④ Connect the two points to draw the angle line; ⑤ Lines need to be scribed on both the front and back sides; ⑥ Then scribe the end face lines and feature lines (please refer to Figure 4); Figure 4: Schematic of End Face Lines and Feature Lines ⑦ The arc position is determined by scanning and comparing with the digital model to determine the machining allowance. Then proceed with the machining. Figure 5: Saturn Scribing Machine in this Case Figure 6: Marking work in progress Figure 7: API Company Headquarters Building About API   The API brand was founded by Dr. Kam Lau in 1987 in Rockville, Maryland, USA. He is the inventor of the laser tracker and holds multiple patents in globally leading measurement technologies, making him a leader in the field of precision measurement technology. Since its establishment, API has been dedicated to the research and production of precision measuring instruments and high-performance sensors in the mechanical manufacturing field. Its products have been widely applied in advanced manufacturing sectors around the world and are at the forefront in high-precision standards for coordinate measurement and machine tool performance testing.

Background Introduction   Due to long-term full-load operation, the core transmission bearing of a crushing machine in a large mining enterprise suffered severe wear, resulting in equipment downtime. As one of its core components, the bearing requires extremely high precision.   Traditional maintenance methods rely on manual experience to judge the location and extent of wear, which are inefficient and difficult to ensure accuracy.   To ensure that the repaired bearing meets the precision requirements for normal equipment operation (error ≤0.1mm), as well as to improve measurement and maintenance efficiency and reduce downtime, the mining enterprise chose to use the Radian laser tracker measurement system from API Company to achieve precise diagnosis and repair verification of the bearing wear status of the crushing machine through digital detection technology.   Measurement requirements and technical challenges   1. High-precision requirement: The damaged bearing is one of the main bearings of the specialized crushing machine, located in a critical part of the entire machine, and plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth operation. It requires full circumferential deformation detection with a precision of 0.1mm;   2. Efficient demand: The forced downtime of specialized machines for maintenance causes daily economic losses to enterprises, making high efficiency one of the rigid requirements for maintenance. In this measurement, it is required to complete wear diagnosis and repair verification within 8 hours;     3. Complex working conditions: The space available for measurement operations on site is limited, and there are issues such as temperature fluctuations to contend with.   Figure 1: The special machine bearing to be inspected in this case   Figure 2: API Series Laser Trackers (Models from left to right: Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLT / iLTx)   Advantages of using an API laser tracker for measurement   1. High-precision measurement: The Radian laser tracker utilizes advanced laser measurement technology, featuring built-in interferometric lasers (Pro model) and absolute lasers (Pro/Plus/Core models) that ensure high precision and stability in measurements. It can achieve measurement accuracy down to the micrometer level (μm, 1/1000mm). In this case, it fully meets the enterprise's measurement requirement of better than 0.1mm;   2. Efficient and Fast: The Radian laser tracker boasts a data acquisition rate of up to 1000 points per second, enabling the collection of a large number of measurement points in a short time, significantly enhancing measurement efficiency. Its feature of being operable by a single person, coupled with the assistance of rapid card loading devices and quick connection functional expansion accessories, further reduces measurement preparation and operation time;   3. Portability and Flexibility: The Radian laser tracker features a compact design, with the main unit weighing less than 10 kilograms, making it easy to carry and install. It can be installed in horizontal, vertical, inverted, or tilted positions, allowing for flexible deployment even in measurement sites with limited space, as demonstrated in this case;   4. Automation and Intelligence: The Radian laser tracker is equipped with the iVision target ball automatic recognition and locking function. Even in the case of light interruption, it can automatically search for and lock onto the target ball, reducing manual intervention and enhancing the automation level of measurement;   5. Automatic environmental compensation: The Radian series laser tracker is integrated with a meteorological station system, which can identify fluctuations in material temperature, air temperature, air humidity, and air pressure at the measurement site in real time, and implement automatic compensation as needed to minimize the interference of external factors on the measurement.   6. Striving for excellence: API's latest iLT series laser tracker, based on the robust performance of the aforementioned Radian series laser tracker, has undergone further integration and optimization. The size and weight of the main unit have been reduced by nearly 50% compared to the Radian series, making it easily adaptable to applications such as measuring in extremely confined spaces, portable use, and integration into various automated production lines.   Figure 3: Demonstration of the portability of the iLT laser tracker   Figure 4: Measurement site in this case   Figure 5: Measurement site in this case   measurement process   1. Equipment setup: The operator positions the Radian laser tracker around the perimeter of the dedicated machine under test, ensuring that the measurement range covers the entire area of the bearing to be tested;   2. Data Collection: The operator holds the laser tracker target ball (SMR) with a built-in prism and touches the position of the bearing to be measured. The Radian laser tracker emits laser light and locks onto the center position of the tracking target ball in real time. When the operator places the target ball firmly at the position to be measured or issues a data collection command, the Radian laser tracker measures the 3D coordinates of the target point at a sampling rate of 1000Hz (1000 points/second) and sends the measured data to the software on the computer in real time for subsequent analysis.   3. Data analysis: After the data collection at each point is completed, utilize measurement software to analyze the collected coordinate data. By constructing corresponding lines, surfaces, and volumes, as well as importing numerical simulations, determine the specific location and amplitude of bearing damage, and use this measurement data as data support for bearing repair welding and grinding;   4. Re-measurement: After the bearing is repaired, repeat the above measurement steps, compare and verify the measurement data of the repaired position until satisfactory results are achieved.   Measurement results and repair   Through precise measurements obtained from the Radian laser tracker, the damaged location and amplitude of the bearing in the specialized machine were successfully identified. These data provided a solid basis for the repair of the bearing. After the repair was completed, the Radian laser tracker was once again used to retest the repaired bearing. The retest results indicated that the repaired bearing had returned to a state where it could operate normally.   Figure 6: Measurement site in this case   summary   The Radian series and iLT series laser trackers from API Company have played a significant role in the measurement and maintenance of large-scale specialized machine bearings, thanks to their high precision, efficiency, portability, flexibility, and automation and intelligence. They not only meet the stringent requirements of enterprises for measurement accuracy and efficiency but also provide reliable data support for bearing repair. Ultimately, the repaired bearings passed the retest, restored to normal working condition, and ensured the stable operation of the large-scale specialized machine. This application fully demonstrates the strong advantages of API's various series of laser trackers in the field of industrial equipment maintenance, providing valuable reference for the measurement and repair of similar equipment.

Overview   The API brand's dynamic 9D LADAR significantly enhances the efficiency of the traditional laser radar (Laser Radar) in performing non-contact inspections of the body-in-white, demonstrating impressive performance in many aspects, including speed, precision, flexibility, portability, and repeatability.   Problems Encountered in Production   With the development of human civilization and science and technology, the automotive industry has entered a new stage. To produce better automotive products, the demands for car manufacturing processes continue to rise. In production, smaller tolerances and higher efficiency are key elements of current automotive manufacturing processes. According to Frost & Sullivan's "A Paradigm Shift of In-Line Inspection in Body-in-White," 97% of surveyed industry respondents believe that improving internal efficiency is a critical factor for enhancing industrial manufacturing capabilities.   One key point is dimensional inspection processes. The industry is promoting the concept of measuring moving bodies-in-white directly on the assembly line. This concept implies that hundreds of high-precision measurements will be completed quickly on the production line without interrupting the line's operation. This poses a significant challenge for inspection processes.   Frost & Sullivan's analysis of dimensional measurement systems indicates that laser radar (Laser Radar) technology is the "best-in-class" solution for online inspection of bodies-in-white. They state: "Laser Radar is a fully automated, multifunctional system that brings non-contact measurement to the production line. The system can operate without a target and provides high-precision inspections. It is a novel approach, with excellent capability to measure both surfaces and feature details, fulfilling all dimensional inspection requirements of bodies-in-white. Laser Radar measurement systems offer advantages over traditional coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) or other measurement devices, particularly in terms of convenience and efficiency."   API has always closely followed the latest concepts and goals of online body-in-white inspection and, through extensive industry surveys and exchanges, has summarized that current laser radar (Laser Radar) measurement technology has not yet fully realized the highest goals of online inspection. Based on nearly 40 years of brand experience in high-performance sensors and high-precision dimensional measurement, and by targeting actual industry needs, API has developed the all-new dynamic 9D LADAR, which provides significant improvements over traditional laser radar (Laser Radar) in accuracy, efficiency, flexibility, and repeatability, offering automakers measurement solutions that approach the highest manufacturing standards in the industry.   Figure 1: On-site integration and application of API 9D LiDAR in automobile production   Breakthrough Dimensional Measurement Solution   The API brand 9D LiDAR (9D LADAR) adopts Optical Frequency Chirping Interferometry (OFCI) technology, making it suitable for non-contact, precise measurement of workpieces or target objects in various environments such as workshops, laboratories, and the field under complex conditions. It offers extremely high measurement accuracy and exceptional measurement efficiency, enabling rapid acquisition of workpiece dimensions and surface geometry data.   Based on OFCI technology, the 9D LiDAR generates broadband optical interference during operation, detects interference signals, and collects measurement data. Its sensitivity is over 100 times higher than conventional LiDAR, providing greater measurement accuracy and better measurement efficiency. The 9D LiDAR delivers micrometer-level measurement precision, a data acquisition rate of 20 kHz, and is less susceptible to external environmental influences during measurement, effectively avoiding common issues faced by conventional LiDAR such as high dependency on material reflectivity, limited incidence angle range, and susceptibility to environmental noise.   Figure 2: On-site integration and application of API 9D LiDAR in automobile production   Technological Advancements of 9D LiDAR Compared to Conventional LiDAR   1. Speed: The 9D LiDAR (9D LADAR) collects measurement data at a speed of 20,000 points per second, with a scanning speed of 0.2 seconds/cm². Currently, known conventional LiDAR (Laser Radar) only reaches a data collection rate of up to 1,000 points per second and the fastest scanning speed of 1 second/cm².   2. Accuracy: The 3D measurement accuracy of 9D LiDAR is 25μm 6μm/m, while the 3D accuracy of conventional LiDAR is 20μm 14.5μm/m.   3. Flexibility: 9D LiDAR has a horizontal rotation range of ±320° and an incidence angle of ≥85°; conventional LiDAR usually only has a horizontal rotation range of ±180° and an incidence angle of 45°.   4. Portability: 9D LiDAR features a compact design with an integrated control box, weighing only 10.4 kg; conventional LiDAR often weighs around 30 kg and comes with an additional external control box. In terms of size, 9D LiDAR is smaller than conventional LiDAR, making it more convenient to mount on industrial robots, gantry coordinate measuring machines, or integrate into production lines.   5. Repeatability: The average repeatability error of 9D LiDAR is 35μm, while conventional LiDAR has 150μm.   Figure 3: On-site integration and application of API 9D LiDAR in automobile production   Solving Problems Encountered by Conventional LiDAR in Production   In actual production, measuring a white car body often requires hundreds of specific positions to be checked. However, conventional LiDAR (Laser Radar) measurement technology, due to its own functional and characteristic limitations, cannot achieve the most ideal measurement results in certain processes. The advent of 9D LiDAR (9D LADAR) has overcome the problems faced by conventional LiDAR in actual production in the following ways:   Problem 1: During measurement, every time a conventional LiDAR moves and changes position, it must relocate itself relative to the white car body. Based on its performance, this positioning process is relatively cumbersome and often requires frequent use of scanning "positioning spheres" to continue precise measurement of the target white car body. In contrast, 9D LiDAR, based on its own principles and excellent performance, greatly simplifies this cumbersome positioning process, even allowing the use of positioning spheres to be completely avoided (with Radian laser trackers providing real-time precise positioning).   Problem 2: The biggest issue with conventional LiDAR technology is scanning speed. Current conventional LiDAR systems scan at only 1,000 points per second, while API 9D LiDAR can scan up to 20,000 points per second, effectively solving the problem of slow measurement speed associated with conventional LiDAR.   Problem 3: Incident angle capability. Present conventional LiDAR systems can achieve accurate measurement at a 45° incident angle, whereas 9D LiDAR can accurately measure parts at incident angles exceeding 85°. This means that compared to conventional LiDAR, 9D LiDAR can measure the same amount of data with fewer position moves.   Figure 4: API 9D LiDAR measurement operation of the white car body based on real-time precise positioning with Radian laser tracker   9D Lidar and 6-DoF Laser Tracker Combined Solution   For operations that demand extreme measurement accuracy, a solution combining the 9D Lidar and the Radian Laser Tracker, both under the API brand (as shown in Figure 3), can be used. This solution leverages the 9D Lidar’s efficient, non-contact scanning capabilities to acquire a large amount of point cloud data, while the Radian Laser Tracker provides real-time tracking and positioning for the 9D Lidar. This approach allows for the rapid and efficient acquisition of extensive point cloud data while simultaneously achieving infinitely precise robot posture, truly combining extreme high accuracy with high efficiency.   Conclusion   With faster scanning speeds, a larger incident angle range, and higher data sampling rates, using the API 9D Lidar (9D LADAR) for body-in-white measurement operations can improve work efficiency by four times or more compared to using conventional Laser Radar. When extreme measurement accuracy is required, it can also be paired with the API Radian Laser Tracker to perform global real-time tracked scanning measurements. This ensures high-quality, high-standard measurements during efficient inspections, providing an ultimate guarantee of measurement precision.   More 9D LiDAR automotive production application demonstrations:          

3D Inspection Requirements for Large Compressors and Components Large compressors serve as the core power equipment in major industrial facilities such as petrochemical plants, refineries, and natural gas transmission systems. Their moving parts use crankshafts and connecting rods to drive pistons in a reciprocating motion within cylinders, thereby pressurizing and transporting gas. The entire unit is precision-assembled from multiple large-scale components, including the main body, intermediate body, cylinders, crosshead guides, and bearing housings. The geometric accuracy of these components—particularly the spatial 3D relationships of critical bore systems and mating surfaces—directly determines the compressor’s operational stability, vibration levels, seal life, and energy efficiency. Since large compressors operate continuously under high loads, even the slightest deviations in form and position are magnified, leading to uneven wear, abnormal vibrations, piston rod fractures, or even safety incidents. Therefore, performing precise 3D measurement and inspection of their components is a critical technical step in reducing failure rates. High-precision 3D measurement enables the early detection of machining deviations and deformation, thereby guiding reworking and adjustments to achieve precise assembly and ensure equipment performance and safe operation. Items to Be Inspected Precision 3D inspection of large compressor components covers a wide range of geometric tolerance items, with accuracy requirements typically reaching the micrometer level. The main inspection items include: · Position tolerance of holes: Spatial positional deviations relative to the reference coordinate system for holes such as the main bearing bores in the compressor body, the crosshead slideway bores, and the cylinder locating flange bores. These holes determine the installation positions of moving parts; deviations in position tolerance can cause misalignment between the piston rod and the packing, or between the crosshead and the slideway. · Cylindricity and coaxiality of holes: Of critical importance is the coaxiality among multiple bearing holes, such as the coaxial relationship between the front and rear main bearing holes in the compressor body, the motor mount bearing hole and the compressor crankshaft hole, as well as the coaxiality requirements for crosshead slideway holes across multiple rows in multi-row compressors. The typical inspection accuracy requirement is 0.1 mm. · End-face flatness and parallelism: The flatness of large flat surfaces—such as the mating surfaces between the intermediate body and the main body, cylinder end faces, and the flange surfaces of the intermediate body’s connecting sleeves—as well as their parallelism relative to the reference plane, is typically required to be within 0.02 mm/m. If these mating surfaces are uneven or distorted, it will cause uneven stress on the sealing gaskets, leading to leaks and causing the axes of related holes to become misaligned. · Distance and Positional Relationships: The distances from the axes of various holes to the installation reference surface, as well as the positions of the pitch circles for the unit’s anchor bolt holes, ensure that components can be assembled smoothly and achieve their designed relative positions. These inspection objects are often large in size (with machine bodies reaching lengths of over ten meters), have complex structures, and feature concealed reference surfaces. This requires the acquisition of precise 3D coordinates across large spans, followed by a multi-factor joint evaluation based on the reference system. Limitations of Traditional Methods Before the widespread adoption of laser tracker measurement technology, 3D inspection of large compressor components primarily relied on traditional methods such as steel wire strings, internal micrometers, frame levels, theodolites, large calipers, and dial indicators. In practice, however, these inspection methods are relatively limited in terms of both measurement accuracy and stability. Since large compressor components are typically substantial in both size and weight, traditional tools often struggle to perform measurements of the entire component at once during large-scale inspections. This frequently necessitates segmented measurements, which introduce additional stitching errors and human errors, making it difficult to evaluate the overall condition of the workpiece with high precision. Figure 1: API Series Laser Trackers (Models from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx) API Laser Tracker Measurement Solutions Compared to traditional measurement methods, the API laser tracker offers a larger measurement range (80-meter radius), enabling data collection over a broader area from a single station and reducing human error and station-to-station errors. At the same time, the API series of laser trackers offers micron-level measurement accuracy and is compact and portable, making it easy to transport to large-component sites for on-site inspection. Equipped with a “weather station” system, it automatically compensates for factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, significantly improving inspection efficiency. During measurement, the operator simply holds the laser tracker’s target sphere (SMR), which contains a built-in prism; the laser tracker immediately emits a laser beam toward the center of the target sphere and locks onto it for tracking. The operator positions the target sphere against the target location on the component and holds it briefly. While the target sphere is stable, the tracker precisely measures and captures the spatial coordinates of that point at a rate of 1,000 points per second, synchronizing the data in real time to measurement software running on a laptop for subsequent analysis.   The measured data can then be comprehensively analyzed using powerful 3D measurement software (such as MeasurePro, Polyworks, SA, Metrolog, Verisurf, etc.), and inspection reports can be automatically generated as needed, making the measurement process effortless. Figure 2: Measurement site for this case study Measurement Site In this case study, the primary focus was on inspecting the coaxiality of holes in large compressor components.   On-site, the measurement engineer first positioned the API laser tracker at a suitable location next to the workpiece. Then, using a target ball, the engineer measured data points on the bore walls. Once data collection for all spatial points was complete, the measurement software was used to construct cylinders by performing best-fit analysis on the points collected from each bore, and to calculate the positions of the centerlines. Finally, the relative positions of the centerlines were compared to evaluate their coaxiality, thereby achieving the measurement and inspection objectives. Figure 3: On-site measurement of large compressor components   Figure 4: On-site measurement of large compressor components   Figure 5: Measurement Data and Analysis Additional Extensions For confined spaces and limited working environments, API has also independently developed a variety of functional extension accessories for its laser trackers, such as the 90° adapter ring and the magnetic base used in this case study, which maximize the performance potential of API laser trackers in tight spaces. (See Figures 1 and 3.) In addition, there are accessories available for deep-hole and hidden-point location detection, rapid point cloud acquisition, and automated 3D and 6D measurement and inspection. (See Figure 6.) Figure 6: API Laser Tracker Functional Expansion Accessories and Feature Overview Summary Precision 3D inspection of large compressor components is a critical quality control step for ensuring the long-term stable operation of core units. With their large-scale measurement capabilities, micron-level measurement accuracy, flexible 3D feature evaluation capabilities, and extensive range of accessories, the API series laser trackers overcome the limitations of traditional methods—such as steel wire gauging and combination gauges—and elevate the measurement process from trial-and-error adjustments to digital, visual, and precise verification.   This case study also validates the reliability and efficiency of the solution for typical measurement challenges, such as the coaxiality of multi-hole assemblies. It provides real-time data to support assembly adjustments, significantly enhancing compressor quality upon shipment and extending operational lifespan. As industrial equipment continues to grow in size and precision, API laser trackers will continue to play an irreplaceable role in the manufacturing and inspection of major equipment.

Pipe crawling robot and testing needs   Pipe crawling robots are often used for special operations inside pipelines. They need to go deep into pipeline spaces that cannot or are difficult for personnel to enter to carry out operation details. Because the operation location is often difficult for people to reach, it often needs to be implemented in an automated way. Therefore, there are high requirements for the operation accuracy and stability of the pipeline crawling robot, and it needs to be tested and evaluated.   Difficulties of measurement   The measurement and evaluation of the operation accuracy and operation stability of the above-mentioned pipeline crawling robot often needs to be carried out in its movement state. Traditional measurement tools and means are difficult to achieve high-quality dynamic data collection, which requires a more modern measuring instrument that can ensure the dynamic collection method and measurement accuracy at the same time.   Figure 1: API series laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   API laser tracker solution   API's Radian and iLT series laser trackers are three-dimensional measuring instruments with dynamic counting ability and ultra-high measurement accuracy.   Radian and iLT series laser trackers have micron-level (μm, 1/1000mm) measurement accuracy and a large measurement range (measurement radius of more than 80 meters). Its data acquisition rate reaches 1000Hz (1000 points/second), which can easily meet the pipe climbing The detection needs of dynamic measurement of robots.   Figure 2: Radian laser tracker (left) and iLT laser tracker (right)   Among them, the Radian Pro model laser tracker also integrates IFM interference laser, and the measurement data can be traced; the Radian Plus/Core model adopts a completely wireless measurement platform to realize radio power and data transmission, making the measurement comfortable; iLT series laser On the basis of the functions of the Radian series, the tracker reduces the volume and weight of the host by nearly 50%, which is more suitable for portable measurement and integrated measurement of production lines.   Figure 3: Pipeline crawling robot detection site   Implementation of measurement   For the measurement of the operation accuracy and stability of the pipeline crawling robot in this case, it can be implemented by dynamically measuring the movement trajectory of the crawling robot, evaluating its straightness, and comparing the parallelism with the pipeline axis.   When measuring, first place the API laser tracker in the appropriate position at one end of the pipeline to ensure that the laser can pass through the pipe to cover the detection path; then fix the high-precision target ball (SMR) at the end of the crawling robot; then the laser tracker shoots the laser to the center of the target ball and lock it; the crawling robot crawls along the set At the same time, the tracker tracks and dynamically collects the position of the center of the target ball in real time, and feeds it back to the measurement software for subsequent analysis.   After the crawling robot path data is collected, the collected point cloud data can be used to build a theoretical straight line and evaluate its straightness on the measurement software, and then compare the parallelism with the central axis of the pipe measured and fit in advance, so as to finally achieve the accuracy of the operating position and stability of the crawling robot. The purpose of evaluation.   Figure 4: Pipeline crawling robot testing site - the layout of the tracker target ball   Figure 5: Measurement Data and Analysis   More expansion   Based on the ultra-high extraction rate of the API series laser tracker, in addition to the dynamic measurement and acquisition of the crawling trajectory of the pipe crawling robot introduced in this case, the API laser tracker can also serve the following scenarios that require high-precision dynamic three-dimensional/six-dimensional data acquisition:   √ Measurement and monitoring of AGV/AMR trajectory;   √ Measurement and monitoring of UAV trajectory;   √ Dynamic measurement of the trajectory of robots such as humanoid/industrial/collaboration/medical;   √ Dynamic detection of the six-degree-of-freedom platform (six-foot platform);   √ Dynamic detection of parallel machine tools;   √ Dynamic performance test of construction machinery lifting platform/cabin and other movable components;   √ Performance detection of building line drawing robot;   √ and more...     Figure 6: Radian laser tracker AGV dynamic measurement and testing site   Figure 7: iLTx laser tracker AMR dynamic measurement and detection site   Figure 8: Radian laser tracker building line drawing robot dynamic detection site   Figure 9: Radian laser tracker humanoid robot dynamic trajectory detection site   Figure 10: Dynamic measurement and detection site of Radian laser tracker six degrees of freedom platform   Figure 11: API laser tracker dynamic three-dimensional/six-dimensional measurement accessory function introduction   Brief summary   With its micron-level measurement accuracy, large-scale measurement range, and excellent dynamic measurement ability, the API series laser tracker can easily meet the scenarios that require dynamic three-dimensional/six-dimensional data collection in pipeline crawling robots and other fields, making the measurement operation more accurate and efficient.

Testing needs of papermaking machinery   In order to solve the problems of paper wrinkling and uneven thickness in the operation of high-speed papermaking machinery, and at the same time, the manufacturing requirements of new products put forward higher requirements for equipment accuracy, papermaking enterprises decided to carry out systematic accuracy calibration of their large paper machines.   Difficulties in papermaking machinery inspection   In the measurement and inspection operations for large-scale papermaking machinery, traditional optical instruments and mechanical measuring instruments are limited by the measurement range, accuracy and dynamic ability, and it is difficult to efficiently complete the comprehensive verification and adjustment of the geometric accuracy of the whole machine. In the implementation of measurement and testing operations, the main challenges are:   1 Super-large structure - The length of the drying cylinder group is more than 30 meters, and it is difficult for traditional tools to measure the overall coaxity and parallelism;   2 Dynamic accuracy measurement needs - it is necessary to evaluate the shape tolerance measurement of the roller under simulated operation status (such as micro-vibration and thermal expansion);   3 Ultra-high-precision 3D measurement requirements - coaxiality, roller surface bounce, bearing seat installation surface flatness, etc. are all key parts of the equipment, and the detection accuracy requirements are high;   4 Reduce downtime and complete testing and adjustment in the most efficient way - the daily downtime cost of the production line is high, which requires efficient completion of measurement and calibration.   Figure 1: API series laser tracker (left-right models are: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   API solution   In response to the needs and difficulties of papermaking mechanical measurement, API provides a Radian Plus model tracker for the measurement in the case to meet the relevant measurement needs. Radian Plus laser tracker has the characteristics of portability, accuracy, large range and high efficiency. It can provide micron-level 3D measurement accuracy. At the same time, its ultra-high mining rate of 1000Hz can ensure its excellent performance in both static and dynamic measurement needs. Radian Plus laser tracker has a measurement range of more than 160 meters, which can meet the needs of large-scale measurement of tens of meters of papermaking machinery. In addition, the Radian Plus laser tracker adopts a battery-powered system and a wireless data transmission module, which can realize fully wireless precision measurement operations, without fear of complex measurement site environments and narrow spaces, simple operation and convenient use.   Figure 2: Papermaking Machinery Measurement Site (1)   Measurement and testing content   In the case, the Radian Plus laser tracker is used to measure and evaluate the following: 1 the coaxiality and parallelism of the pressing roller, guide roller and drying cylinder; 2 the flatness and horizontality of the mounting base of the bearing seat; 3 the circular bounce of the end of the drying cylinder and the straightness of the roller busbar; 4 the symmetry of the frame and Verticality.   Figure 3: Papermaking Mechanical Measurement Site (2)   Measurement and operation process   1. Laser tracker installation: erect a laser tracker in a suitable position around the papermaking machinery to be tested to ensure that the position of all parts to be tested can be seen;   2. Establish a coordinate system: establish a global measurement coordinate system in the measurement software;   3. Static measurement: Use a 1.5-inch high-precision SMR target ball, with various pins and seats, quickly collect the coordinates of the central hole of each bearing block, measure the end surface of the drying cylinder, the key cross-section circumference of the roller surface, and scan the important installation plane of the rack;   4. Dynamic measurement simulation operation verification: In the low-speed state, track and measure the radial beating and axial movement of the key roller; collect the coordinate changes of the key points in the temperature rise of the drying cylinder, and evaluate the impact on thermal deformation during operation;   5. Data analysis and adjustment guidance: through the measured data collected, use the measurement software, and obtain the coaxial error, parallelism deviation, flatness error, circular jump, etc. of each roller according to the needs; generate an intuitive deviation report and a detailed data list; then use the measurement report as a data support to guide the on-site adjustment, Accurately correct the deviation by increasing or subtracting the bearing seat gasket, fine-tuning the rack position, etc.   Figure 4: Papermaking mechanical measurement site (3)   Brief summary   Radian Plus laser tracker, with its micron-level measurement accuracy, super-large measurement range, and excellent measurement performance under dynamic/static conditions, fully meets the measurement needs of large paper machinery shafts, rollers, drying cylinders, racks and other key positions. After measuring and calibrating with the Radian Plus laser tracker, the coaxiality of the key roller group of the paper machine, the flatness of the installation base surface, the jumping error of the dynamic measurement during operation, etc. all meet the design standard. In a very short time, the measurement operation that takes several days using the traditional measurement method has been completed, which has significantly improved the work. Efficiency has greatly saved the time cost for enterprises.   Figure 5: Radian Plus laser tracker (left) and iLT laser tracker (right)   Figure 6: Application site of iLT laser tracker   Break through the extreme, more choices   In addition to the Radian laser tracker used in this case, the API brand has also launched a new iLT laser tracker, which further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% on the basis of the fully wireless measurement of the Radian Plus/Core model (compared with R Adian series), the weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, which gives full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoor, narrow space, multi-machine integration and other application environments.   Figure 7: 9D lidar car frame hole position non-contact measurement operation site   Lead the future and expand more   Record, the data acquisition rate is as high as 20KHz, which instantly realizes the collection of point cloud data, which is accurate, fast and efficient.

About the astronomical telescope to be tested   The object of measurement and testing in this case is the 2.4-meter aperture astronomical telescope of the Thai National Observatory (TNO). The main mirror of the telescope has a diameter of 2.4 meters, which is one of the most advanced optical telescopes in Southeast Asia. Key error indicators such as overall wavefront error, pointing accuracy, and non-guided tracking accuracy can be controlled within a very small range.   The ultra-high optical accuracy requirements put forward extremely strict standards for the manufacturing accuracy of various structural components of telescopes. Key structural parts such as the main mirror mirror chamber, intermediate, and four-way carry optical components such as the main mirror and the secondary mirror. Its shape tolerance directly affects the relative position stability of the main mirror and the secondary mirror and the optical pointing accuracy and tracking accuracy of the telescope as a whole. The coaxiality and parallelism of the end surface of the intermediate directly determine the rotation accuracy of the pitch bearing. And it affects the pointing and tracking performance of the telescope. Therefore, high-precision three-dimensional shape tolerance detection of these large structural parts is a necessary prerequisite to ensure the optical imaging quality of astronomical telescopes.   The content that needs to be tested   For the structural components of the 2.4-meter-aperture astronomical telescope in this case, the following key shape tolerance items mainly need to be detected:   1 Axial hole coaxiality detection: The coaxiality of the axial holes on the left and right sides of the telescope intermediate is directly related to the rotation accuracy of the pitch axis. The deviation of the center position of the axial holes on both sides should be controlled within 0.03 mm.   2 Parallelism (flatness) detection of the end surface of the shaft hole: The parallelism error of the end surface of the shaft hole on both sides of the intermediate directly affects the bearing installation accuracy and the rotation stability of the shaft system, and the detection accuracy requirements are better than 0.03 mm.   3 Flatness detection of the installation surface of the main mirror: The flatness of the installation surface of the main mirror directly affects the support accuracy and surface maintenance ability of the main mirror, and requires the detection accuracy of the micron level.   4 Position detection of each functional hole: There are a large number of functional holes used for installation, positioning and connection in the telescope structure, and their position deviation directly affects the assembly accuracy and mutual position relationship of each component.   5 Overall three-dimensional dimension deviation analysis of components: compare the actual measurement data with the theoretical three-dimensional digital model, comprehensively evaluate the manufacturing deviation of structural components, and ensure that each key feature meets the design tolerance requirements.   Difficulties in measuring   Technical difficulties faced by the measurement work of this project:   First, large size and high precision coexist. The size of structural parts such as telescope intermediates is large, and the length and span are often more than 2 meters, while the detection accuracy requirements are at the level of tens of microns. For smaller intermediates, the shape tolerance detection can be completed on the three-dimensional measuring instrument; however, for large intermediates, its structural size has exceeded the measurement range of most three-dimensional measuring machines, and it is difficult to achieve effective measurement. The dual demand for large size and high precision makes it difficult to take into account traditional testing methods.   Second, the detection of shape tolerance involves the spatial relationship of multi-coordinate systems. Many detection contents such as coaxiality, parallelism, flatness, position, etc. need to be analyzed under a unified spatial coordinate system, and the actual measurement data needs to be accurately compared with the theoretical digital model, which puts forward high requirements for the multi-dimensional data processing ability of measuring instruments and software.   Figure 1: API brand Radian Pro model laser tracker   Figure 2: API series laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   API solution   The API brand Radian Pro laser tracker is a professional three-dimensional precision measurement equipment designed for high-precision spatial large-size coordinate measurement scenarios. The device is equipped with IFM interference laser and ADM absolute laser dual laser collaborative measurement system. As a reference benchmark for length measurement, IFM interference laser ensures the traceability and highest accuracy of measurement data; ADM absolute laser supports fast optical continuity, taking into account measurement stability and operation efficiency.   Radian Pro laser tracker has micron-level spatial measurement accuracy, with a measurement range of more than 160 meters and a data acquisition rate of up to 1000 points/second. In addition, Radian Pro adopts a lightweight and portable design. The weight of the laser head is only about 9 kg, and the total weight of the system (including packaging boxes and accessories) is about 23 kg, which is convenient for on-site handling and multi-scene transfer operation; and it is equipped with an automatic compensation system for temperature, humidity and air pressure, which can quickly adapt to the on-site environment.   Figure 3: The measurement site of this case (i)   Measurement and implementation process   In the structural component testing project of the 2.4-meter aperture astronomical telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Thailand, the API team used the Radian Pro laser tracker, combined with the target ball and hidden point measurement accessories, to formulate a systematic three-dimensional detection scheme:   1 Equipment layout and system establishment. The measurement engineer placed the Radian Pro laser tracker in the appropriate position around the structural parts of the telescope to be tested, connected the measurement software, completed the equipment power-on, and established the measurement reference coordinate system.   2 Measurement of the coaxiality of the shaft hole. For the coaxiality detection of the axis holes on both sides of the telescope intermediate, the engineer holds the high-precision SMR target ball with a built-in prism and evenly collects multi-point coordinate data along the circumferential direction in the axis hole; the Radian Pro laser tracker collects three-dimensional coordinates in real time at a collection rate of 1000 Hz, and the data is transmitted to Measurement software. In the software, the coordinates of the center of the axial holes on both sides are determined through the fitting algorithm, and then the coaxial deviation value is calculated.   Figure 4: The measurement site of this case (ii)   3 End surface parallelism measurement. For the detection of parallelism (flatness) of the end surface of the shaft hole, the engineer uses the target ball to collect spatial coordinates at multiple position points on the end surface, and the sampling point evenly covers the entire end surface range. The measurement software builds a plane model based on the collected point cloud data, and analyzes the angle deviation and parallelism error between the two end surfaces.   4 Functional hole position and three-dimensional size deviation analysis. Measure each installation hole one by one to determine the actual spatial position of each hole. Import all the actual measurement data into the measurement software, automatically compare with the theoretical three-dimensional digital model of the telescope structural components, and realize the comprehensive evaluation of multiple shape tolerances such as hole position and surface profile. It can automatically generate measurement reports and visually display the deviation value and qualification judgment of each test item.   5 Real-time adjustment guidance. Based on the powerful dynamic measurement performance of the Radian series laser tracker, if there are parts that need to be adjusted on the spot, the "adjustment" function can be used for real-time guidance. The operator adsorbs the target ball and fixes it on the workpiece. Through real-time tracking and measurement, the three-dimensional coordinates of the fixed point are instantly displayed on the screen. The system can prompt the deviation direction and deviation amount in real time to guide the operator to adjust the workpiece to the designed theoretical position.   Figure 5: The measurement site of this case (iii)   More expansion   In addition to the detection of the shape tolerance of the structural components of the telescope introduced in this case, the API laser tracker also has the following extensive applications in the manufacturing and use of astronomical telescopes:   1 Large-diameter standard mirror manufacturing and inspection: In the manufacturing process of large-diameter standard mirrors, Radian Pro laser tracker can replace the high-precision three-coordinate measuring machine to carry out online testing of the flatness, surface accuracy, etc. of optical glass components. Through the 90-degree tilt installation method, the dynamic continuous scanning measurement mode is used to collect points (point spacing 1 to 2 mm), and the difference between the measurement PV value of the high-precision three-coordinates is only 4.7 μm, which achieves the measurement performance of the same level as the high-precision three-coordinate. ( Please refer to the case article "API laser tracker achieves high-precision measurement in the field of large-caliber standard mirror manufacturing of astronomical instrument standards")   Figure 6: Radian Pro laser tracker 90° tilt installation measurement optical glass element   2 Online detection of aspherical mirror: In the interference inspection of aspherical mirror, the laser tracker undertakes the detection task of optical parameters (off-axis amount, vertex curvature radius, optical axis deviation error), which is suitable for general detection in the grinding stage of large-caliber aspherical surfaces. Using laser tracker online detection can significantly improve the grinding efficiency.   3 Splicing main mirror assembly alignment: For large telescopes using splicing mirror technology, the Radian laser tracker can be used for the initial assembly of splicing main mirror, measure the external freedom of the sub-mirror and the position of the in-surface freedom, and realize the precise alignment and co-phase adjustment of multi-mirror splicing.   4 Telescope truss alignment: For the alignment needs of the main and secondary mirrors of large-aperture telescopes, a laser truss active alignment system can be built based on laser interferometric ranging, and the high-precision ranging ability of the laser tracker can be used to ensure the accurate measurement and control of the spatial position of the main and secondary mirrors.   5 Overall measurement of major national astronomical projects: API Company has actively participated in the measurement of a series of major national scientific and technological projects in China, such as FAST large telescope ("China Tianyan"), lunar rover ground test, and manned space docking experiment, providing comprehensive and high-precision three for various advanced astronomical projects. Dimensim measurement solution. ( Please refer to the case article "Application of API Laser Tracker in the 500-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope Project of the National Observatory of China")   Figure 7: API laser tracker function expansion accessories   Figure 8: Introduction to the function of API tracker accessories   Brief summary   The structural component testing project of the 2.4-meter aperture astronomical telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Thailand fully demonstrates the unique advantages of the API Radian Pro laser tracker in the field of large-size precision measurement. In the face of the three-dimensional testing needs of "large size, high accuracy and strict tolerance" of large structural parts such as telescope intermediates, the traditional three-coordinate measuring machine has insufficient measuring range, and traditional measurement methods such as metering method have limited accuracy and cumbersome operation. Radian Pro laser tracker relies on micron-level measurement accuracy, super-large measurement range of more than 160 meters, measurement traceability provided by IFM interference laser and high-speed data acquisition ability of 1000 Hz, supplemented by rich function expansion accessories and professional measurement and analysis software, it realizes All-round precision three-dimensional measurement and evaluation of multiple key shape tolerances such as axial hole coaxisity, end-face parallelism, hole position, etc.   The solution not only accurately completed the shape tolerance detection task of the telescope structure, but its technical route can also be widely used in many key scenarios such as the manufacturing and detection of the main mirror of the astronomical telescope, the assembly and alignment of the mirror surface, the spatial positioning of the truss structure of the lens barrel, and the surface measurement of the antenna of the large radio telescope. For large-scale astronomy The manufacturing, assembly and operation monitoring of telescopes provide reliable three-dimensional measurement data guarantee, which is an excellent industrial measurement solution that drives the manufacture of astronomical optical instruments towards higher precision.

Maintenance of the base of dampers for railway locomotives The damper is an important element of vibration damping on the locomotive bogie and is a key component in ensuring stability, comfort and safety during high-speed operation. The base of the shock absorber is a critical load-bearing element that connects the shock absorber to the bogie frame, and its geometric accuracy as well as its spatial position directly influence the working posture and performance of the shock absorber. To meet the needs of "high-speed, heavy-load" locomotives, complete dismantling and maintenance of the shock absorbers is required during major overhauls to restore them to good functional condition. In addition, the base of the damper, as the installation reference surface, may also experience fatigue deformation, wear or weld cracks after prolonged maintenance, requiring precise three-dimensional inspection during the overhaul cycle to ensure the reliability of the installation reference. Inspection Items Three-dimensional inspection of the damper base involves several geometric indicators for accuracy evaluation, including mainly:   (1) Inspection of the flatness of the installation surface: The flatness of the installation surface of the base of the shock absorber is directly related to the uniformity of the force exerted on the shock absorber after installation. Exceeding the flatness tolerance can result in an inclined installation of the damper, localized stress concentration, or even loosening of the fasteners. In general, the flatness deviation should be checked at 0.05 mm. Figure 1: Shock base and other components to be inspected   (2) Installation Holes/Grooves Position Tolerance Inspection: The positional accuracy of the holes, grooves, and other installation elements at the base of the damper relative to the design reference determines whether the damper can be positioned correctly. Exceeding the position tolerance can lead to installation difficulties, extended adjustment time, or even impossibility of installation. During maintenance, the actual three-dimensional coordinates of each installation hole should be measured and compared to the design model, with the position deviation usually having to be checked with a range of 0.2 mm. (3) Installation Hole Coaxiality/Parallelism Detection: When the absorber seat contains multiple installation holes, coaxiality or parallelism between the holes is crucial. If the coaxiality deviation of the hinge hole is too great, it can cause internal stress during the installation of the damper, affecting its working posture and service life. The accuracy level for coaxiality detection is typically less than 0.1 mm. (4) Detection of the relative spatial position between the seat and the steering frame: The shock absorber seat is welded to the steering frame, and its overall spatial position (including coordinate values and angular posture in the XYZ directions) must meet the design requirements, directly affecting the geometric relationship of the suspension system. The measured coordinates must be compared and analyzed with the CAD model in order to verify the accuracy of the workmanship and the quality of the assembly. Disadvantages of using traditional measurement tools In traditional methods, the inspection and testing of shock absorbing seats relies primarily on tools such as micrometers, calipers, pressure gauges, and squares, as well as equipment such as coordinated measuring machines. Compared to the application of laser trackers, traditional methods have some inconvenient factors: First, measurement efficiency is relatively low: traditional inspection methods require multiple people to form a team working collaboratively according to procedures, using various measurement tools one by one, which is time-consuming and laborious. In addition, measurements are heavily influenced by subjective factors, making it difficult to ensure accuracy. Second, it is difficult to obtain three-dimensional spatial measurements efficiently: micrometers and calipers can only measure linear dimensions in a single direction and cannot obtain complete information about the coordinates of the elements measured in three-dimensional space. For the planet, positional tolerance, coaxiality, and other geometric tolerances of the shock-absorbing seat, traditional measurement tools struggle to provide accurate, comprehensive, and simple evaluation results. Thirdly, hidden points and deep holes are difficult to measure: the structure of the shock absorber seat is often quite compact, with some installation holes located between 200 mm and 300 mm deep inside the component. Traditional measuring tools, and even articulated arm machines, often cannot reach these deep measuring points. Fourth, data management is complex: data obtained from traditional measurement tools is relatively dispersed and cannot be directly compared to the CAD model, requiring manual recording and calculations, which easily introduces human error and makes it difficult to form a traceable digital inspection report.   Figure 2: API Series Laser Plotters API Solutions In response to the many limitations of traditional   measurement methods, the API Radian Series laser plotter offers an efficient solution with significant performance advantages: Ultra-high measurement accuracy: The Radian laser plotter has a measurement accuracy at the micron level (μm, 1/1000 mm), fully meeting the requirements for detecting the shape and position of absorbent seats, and ensuring metrological accuracy for the maintenance of key components of rail vehicles. Ultra-wide measuring range: The measuring radius can reach up to 80 meters (diameter 160 meters), allowing a single Radian laser plotter to cover the large-scale measurement needs of the entire bogie and even the entire bogie, eliminating the need for frequent station changes and greatly improving operational efficiency. Efficient data collection: Implementation of three-dimensional measurements at a fast and efficient collection rate of 1000 Hz (1000 points/second). Hidden Point Measurement Capability: With the vProbe Smart Hidden Point Probe, accurate measurements can be easily made even in installation holes and hidden locations from 200 mm to 300 mm deep in components. Probe lengths range from 50 mm to 500 mm, and the dual probe design for both vertical and horizontal positions makes measurement easy for the operator. Portable and flexible: The main unit of the Radian laser plotter weighs only about 10 kilograms, with a total weight of less than 11 kilograms, making it easy to fit into a carry-on suitcase, suitable for flexible deployment at rail vehicle maintenance sites.   Figure 3: API Laser Tracking Functional Extension Accessories   Figure 4: Introduction to the Functions of Various Accessories Implementation of the measure When   measuring, the operator holds the target ball (or other accessories of the target) with a built-in prism, and the laser plotter emits a laser to the center of the target ball (or the accessory target's light reception device) and locks it for tracking. The operator touches the measurement location with the target ball (or the probe of the target accessory), and the Radian laser plotter can collect the three-dimensional   coordinate data of that location in real time and send it to the measurement software on the laptop for recording, which will be used for later evaluation and analysis. Once the collection of coordinates for all target positions to be tested has been completed, the collected data can be used in the measurement software to adjust lines, areas, volumes, etc., and compare them with the actual measurement data (or CAD models) to obtain deviation values, which serve as a basis for subsequent adjustments and repairs. Achieve the goal of detection.   Figure 5: Measurement site of this case (I)   Figure 6: Measurement site of this case (II)   Even more extensions In addition to the three-dimensional detection of the shock absorber seat introduced in this case, the Radian laser plotter, with its high accuracy, long range and multifunctional characteristics, can also play an important role in various aspects of railway vehicle manufacturing and maintenance:   (1) Comprehensive Truck System Detection: The bogie is the main operational component of railway vehicles, and the geometric accuracy of its chassis, the accuracy of the installation position of various suspension devices, and the accuracy of axle positioning all require strict three-dimensional detection. The role of the Radian laser plotter has been validated in the world's leading bogie manufacturing plants, used for the alignment, measurement and tightening operations of the bogie frame, ensuring that no tension or distortion occurs during chassis processing. (See case article "Radian Laser Tracker Supports Siemens Graz in Efficient Measurement of Locomotive Bogie Systems")   (2) Body Manufacturing and Maintenance: In the manufacture and maintenance of locomotive bodies, the Radian laser plotter can be used for position detection of key mounting seats (such as fixed seats, traction seats, anti-roll torsion bar seats, etc.), three-dimensional scanning of the body profile, as well as for static boundary checks to verify manufacturing accuracy and labor assembly quality.   (3) Calibration of large fixtures and jigs: A large number of welding jigs, assembly tools and other specialized equipment are used in the manufacture of rail vehicles, and their accuracy directly influences the quality of the product. The Radian Laser Plotter can perform regular three-dimensional calibration of these tools to ensure that their accuracy remains controlled.   (4) Measurement Guide and Factory Positioning: With the "adjustment" function of the Radian laser plotter, operators can attach the target ball to the workpiece, and with real-time tracking measurement, the direction and deflection are displayed on the screen in real-time, guiding the workpiece to be adjusted to the correct position, thus ensuring efficient orientation of the system positioning. Summary The shock absorber seat of the railway locomotive, as a key load-bearing component of the suspension system, has a geometric precision that is directly related to the installation posture, the stress state of the shock absorber as well as the operational stability and safety of the entire vehicle. Traditional measurement methods have significant shortcomings in efficiency, accuracy, and three-dimensional spatial measurement capabilities, making it difficult to meet modern rail transportation maintenance requirements for efficient and high-precision three-dimensional sensing. The Radian Laser Tracker, API brand, offers an efficient one-stop solution for the maintenance measurement of shock-absorbing seats of railway locomotives, thanks to its micron-level measurement accuracy, a radius of more than 80 meters, a high sampling rate of 1000 Hz, as well as a variety of functional extension accessories such as the vProbe hidden point probe. From the flatness of the installation surface to the positional accuracy of deep holes, from single-point dimension measurement to global comparison of numerical models, the Radian laser tracer can efficiently perform detection tasks, significantly reducing maintenance downtime and decreasing labor costs, while ensuring complete digital traceability of measurement data. In the context of the development of rail transportation equipment towards high speed and intelligence, the application of the Radian laser tracer offers strong technical support to improve maintenance quality and ensure operational safety.

Extraction tower   Extraction tower: In the huge installation area of petroleum refining, chemical industry, pharmaceutical and other process industries, there is a kind of cylindrical equipment, that is, the extraction tower. As the core equipment to realize the separation, purification and chemical reaction of the mixture, the extraction tower makes the gas and liquid and other countercurrent contact through the internal precise tower plate to complete the key processes such as distillation, absorption and desorption. Its separation efficiency directly determines the purity, yield and economic benefits of the whole device of the final product. The accuracy of the extraction tower manufacturing and installation, especially its verticality, internal horizontality, takeover orientation and other geometric parameters, is the key to ensuring its safe, efficient and long-term operation.   The importance of three-dimensional detection   With the increasingly strict engineering standards and the popularization of digital delivery, the implementation of three-dimensional precision testing of extraction towers has become a rigid requirement. Traditional testing methods, such as perpendicular lines, level meters, etc., are relatively low in efficiency, and it is difficult to obtain comprehensive and quantitative spatial data, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of data-driven decision-making in modern projects. Digital three-dimensional detection establishes a "digital twin" model for the extraction tower through high-precision spatial coordinate measurement, which realizes the accurate control of the whole life cycle from manufacturing, installation to operation and maintenance. It is an indispensable technical cornerstone for preventing deformation, guiding installation, verifying quality, supporting transformation and other links.   Figure 1: API measurement service extraction tower measurement site   API laser tracker three-dimensional detection solution   With the unique advantages of large-scale, high-precision and real-time feedback, the API laser tracker can meet the needs of the precision geometry detection of the extraction tower. Its core testing content includes:   1. Macro shape tolerance detection   √ Straightness and verticality of the tower: measure the spatial trajectory of the section and the center line of the whole tower to ensure that it meets the design requirements;   √ Roundness and diameter of the cylinder: analysis of the roundness of each segment port and typical cross-section, control the ellipse, and ensure the installation conditions of the internal parts.   2. Installation accuracy detection of key internal components   √ Support circle/support beam detection: height and horizontal measurement are the basis of the level of the tower plate or packing bed, which directly affects the uniformity of gas-liquid distribution;   √ Tower plate assembly detection: accurate measurement of the flatness of the tower plate, the height consistency of the overflow weir, the verticality and spacing of the liquid plate;   √ Coaxiality of the inner part: evaluation of the center of the multi-layer inner part and the theoretical axis of the tower.   3. External interface and auxiliary structure detection   √ Take over flange: center coordinates, flange normal direction (amuth angle and tilt angle), flatness and bolt hole distribution circle detection;   √ Platform ladder and tower pipeline: spatial position and interference inspection.   4. Manufacturing and installation process control   √ Segmented pre-assembly and ring seam group pairing: guide the on-site group pair assembly after the large extraction tower segmented manufacturing, and control the amount of misalignment and gap uniformity;   √ Foundation and skirt seat: Check the surface flatness and the position of the base bolt hole on the foundation board.   Figure 2: API series laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   Introduction to the technical advantages of API laser tracker   Among many measurement tools, API brand Radian and iLT series laser trackers provide accurate and efficient solutions for tower detection with excellent engineering design and stable measurement performance.   Radian laser tracker is a high-precision 3D/6D measuring instrument with a large measurement range. It has a micron (μm) level accuracy, a measurement radius of more than 80 meters, and a super-large measurement angle range. It is compact and compact in design, and can be installed and work in any posture, which can fully Meet the requirements of measurement accuracy, efficiency, range, etc. in each link in the extraction tower measurement; among them, Radian Plus and Radian Core models also adopt battery-powered and wireless communication systems, which can completely get rid of the constraints and troubles of various cables and make the whole measurement process easier. In control.   Just set up the Radian laser tracker next to the standard to be measured to start the operation and measurement; when measuring, set the Radian laser tracker in the system coordinate system, and the emitted laser will track the SMR (tracker target) in the operator's hand. The operator only needs to hold the target and touch the data to be collected. For the part to be tested, the tracker will automatically collect the three-dimensional measurement data of the counting point, send it to the laptop and record it in the measurement software for subsequent processing and analysis.   After the data information of all the parts to be tested is collected, the operator can set, analyze and compare these data with the nominal value in the measurement software, so as to obtain the error of the actual value and achieve the effect of detection.   Figure 3: Radian (left) and iLT (right) laser trackers   The newly launched iLT laser tracker further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% (compared with the Radian series) on the basis of fully wireless measurement. The weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, giving full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoor, Application environments such as narrow space and multi-machine integration.   Measurement operation process   1. On-site program formulation and base station erection   According to the size of the extraction tower and the detection focus, plan the tracker station, and usually choose a location that can see most of the detection areas and the foundation is stable. Based on the high integration and portability of API laser tracker, it can be flexibly installed.   2. Establish a global unified coordinate system   On the base or skirt of the extraction tower, measure at least three reference points of known design coordinates (or establish a temporary benchmark) through supporting software (such as SpatialAnalyzer, Polyworks, Metrolog, Verisurf, MeasurePro, etc. ) Carry out the best fitting alignment of the coordinate system and establish an absolute benchmark for detection.   Figure 4: Extraction tower measurement site   3. Accurate measurement of key features and real-time adjustment guidance   The operator only needs to touch the measurement position with the tracker target ball with a built-in prism in his hand (please refer to Figure 4) to record the spatial coordinate detection of the position to be tested and transmit it to the measurement software on the laptop for follow-up analysis. In addition to using traditional target balls for measurement, API laser tracker measurement accessories can also be selected to detect relevant data according to actual measurement needs. ( For example: cooperate with vProbe probe to implement hidden point measurement; cooperate with iScan3D for fast point cloud acquisition; cooperate with ActiveTarget active target to realize automated data collection; cooperate with STS six-dimensional sensor to achieve accurate measurement of 6DoF data, etc., please refer to Figure 5 and Figure 6) .   Figure 5: API laser tracker measurement accessory (from left to right: iScan3D / ActiveTarget / STS / vProbe)   Figure 6: Introduction to the function of the tracker measurement accessory   4. Measurement data analysis   Through the measured point cloud data, the corresponding lines, surfaces, bodies, etc. can be constructed, and the measurement data analysis can be carried out according to the detection needs.   Figure 7: Measurement site of extraction tower   Figure 8: Measurement site of extraction tower   Survey site   The on-site operation content of the measurement case in this paper is: spatial trajectory measurement of the center line of the extraction tower segment.   When measuring, the operator first places the API laser tracker at one end of the extraction tower, then collects spatial points on the inner wall of the tower cylinder, and synthesizes the corresponding circle according to different positions to calculates the center position of the circle; after the calculation of multiple center positions, the straightness of the center line can be evaluated according to the corresponding XYZ value, from And achieve the purpose of testing.   Figure 9: Measurement data and analysis   Figure 10: Measurement data and analysis   Sum up   With excellent measurement accuracy, strong environmental adaptability, intelligent human-computer interaction and efficient real-time feedback ability, the API laser tracker solution has upgraded the detection experience in the process of extraction tower manufacturing and installation to a new dimension.   It is not only a "diagnostic device" to find problems, but also a "navigator" to guide accurate construction. The API laser tracker ensures the horizontal placement of each layer of the tower, the precise position of each flange, and even the straight standing of the whole extraction tower. It has greatly shortened the construction period, eliminated potential operation risks, and provided a solid measurement guarantee for the safe, efficient and long-cycle operation of large-scale industrial installations.   Figure 11: API Company Headquarters Building   About API   The API brand was founded by Dr. Kam Lau in Rockwell, Maryland, USA in 1987. It is the inventor of laser trackers and holds many patents for the world's leading measurement technology. It is a leader in the field of precision measurement technology. Since its establishment, API has been committed to the field of machinery manufacturing. In the research and development and production of dense measurement instruments and high-performance sensors, the products have been widely used in advanced manufacturing fields around the world, and are in a leading position in the high-precision standards of coordinate measurement and machine tool performance test.

The importance of automobile molds and precision three-dimensional testing   Automobile molds are known as the "mother of the automobile industry", and their quality directly determines the accuracy, assembly effect and even the performance and safety of the whole vehicle. In modern automobile manufacturing, from large body coverings (such as doors, hoods, sides) to complex structural parts and interior parts, all rely on high-precision molds for stamping, injection molding or casting.   With the development of the automobile industry towards lightweight, high precision and high complexity, the design and manufacture of molds are also facing unprecedented challenges. A set of molds is composed of thousands of curved surfaces, holes, mold surfaces and inlays. Any small size deviation may lead to difficult assembly of parts, appearance defects or functional failure.   Therefore, the whole life cycle of precision three-dimensional testing of automobile molds is not only the key to ensuring the quality of mold manufacturing, but also a necessary link to shorten the mold commissioning cycle, reduce manufacturing costs, and ensure the smooth mass production of the whole vehicle.   Test content and demand   In the process of manufacturing, testing and repairing automobile molds, three-dimensional testing mainly covers the following key items:   1. Large reference surface and installation surface: The bottom surface, top surface and division surface of the mold are the basis of positioning and molding. Its flatness and parallelism directly affect the installation accuracy of the mold in the press;   2. Complex surface and curved surface: The core part that constitutes the shape of the outer cover or interior part of the car needs to be tested whether its contour and curvature changes are consistent with the CAD design model, which is also fundamental to ensure the shape accuracy of stamping parts or injection parts;   3. Guide and positioning parts: including guide column, guide sleeve, positioning key, pin hole, etc. Their position, verticality and matching gap determine the repeated positioning accuracy when the mold is molded to prevent misalignment;   4. Hole position and characteristic structure: Various process holes, top rod holes, cooling waterway holes, etc. are distributed on the mold, and their hole size, position, depth and angle need to be measured;   Five. The relationship between assembly and welding: For the complex mold structure composed of multiple inlays, sliders and oblique wedges, it is necessary to detect the relative position and movement gap between each component to ensure that the assembly relationship is accurate.   Figure 1: A certain model of car mold   Inadequacy of traditional measurement methods   For a long time, the inspection of automobile molds mainly relies on three-coordinate measuring machines (CMM), joint arms, and traditional measuring tools such as calipers and micrometers. However, these methods still have many limitations in the face of modern large-scale, high-precision and complex molds:   1. The measurement range is limited and the flexibility is poor: the traditional bridge three-coordinate measuring machine is limited by its stroke and size, and it is difficult to cover large automobile outer cover molds up to several meters. For deep cavity molds with complex structures, the measuring needle often cannot touch the internal characteristics; and when measuring large molds with joint arms, it is often due to insufficient range. It takes many "frog jump" transfer stations to complete the measurement, but multiple transfer stations are easy to cause large cumulative errors, which makes it difficult to meet the needs of high-precision measurement;   2. Poor on-site adaptability: The use of most three-coordinate measuring machines requires strict control of temperature and humidity, and even should be operated in a laboratory environment with constant temperature and humidity, while molds are affected by temperature changes, vibration, narrow space and other factors in complex environments such as production sites, commissioning workshops or presses. Traditional three-coordinate measuring machines measure It will waste a lot of manpower and time costs;   3. The efficiency is relatively low, which affects the production process: the traditional measurement method usually requires the mold to be lifted and transported to the measurement room, or tedious wiring, leveling and coordinate system establishment on the spot. The measurement process is slow and the data acquisition cycle is long, which seriously restricts the debugging and modification progress of the mold;   4. Insufficient data integrity: Traditional measuring instruments can only obtain discrete point data, which is difficult to comprehensively scan and analyze the whole surface, and it is easy to miss small deformations or defects in key areas.   Figure 2: API brand laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   Advantages of using Radian laser tracker to detect automobile molds   With its excellent performance and innovative design, the API Radian laser tracker has brought revolutionary changes to the precision three-dimensional detection of automobile molds:   1. Super-large measurement range and high accuracy: Radian series tracker has a measurement range of 160 meters, which can easily cover the complete size from small and medium-sized molds to ultra-large automobile cover molds. Its micron-level (μm, 1/1000mm) spatial measurement accuracy can meet the strict three-dimensional detection of automobile molds. The accuracy requirements;   2. High portability and on-site adaptability: The equipment is small in size and light in weight, and one person can complete the handling and laying. Radian's powerful environmental compensation function can adapt to complex environments such as workshops, next to the press, and even outdoors. There is no need to move the mold to a specific testing room, and on-site measurement can be realized;   3. Efficient dynamic measurement: With an ultra-high sampling rate of 1000Hz (1000 points/second), the operator can quickly scan the profile, contour and key features of the mold, which greatly improves the data acquisition efficiency and significantly shortens the mold debugging cycle;   4. Strong functional expandability: By expanding accessory sensors and targets with different functions, Radian laser tracker can realize all-round detection from single-point measurement, surface scanning to six degrees of freedom (6DoF) full attitude measurement, automated programming measurement, etc., to meet the diversified needs of mold testing.   Figure 3: Automotive mold measurement site (Radian + vProbe)   Implementation of testing   The following are the implementation steps for three-dimensional testing of a large automobile stamping mold using Radian laser tracker:   1 The layout of the tracker   First of all, according to the size of the tested mold and the on-site environment, choose a stable, unobstructed position that can see the main measurement area of the mold to erect the Radian laser tracker. Use a tripod or magnetic base to fix the device, connect the laptop, and start the measurement software (such as SpatialAnalyzer, Polyworks, Metrolog, Verisurf, MeasurePro, etc.).   2 Measurement process   The operator holds the laser tracker target ball (SMR) with a built-in prism, and the Radian laser tracker shoots the laser to the center of the target ball and locks the tracking. When measuring, the operator uses the target ball to touch the position to be measured and stay stably (the time can be set independently according to demand). The tracker then measures and collects the spatial coordinates of the point at a measurement rate of 1000 points/second and feeds it back to the measurement software record for subsequent analysis.   In addition to static collection, scanning mode can also be used to fit the target ball to the surface of the mold and slide in the planned direction, which can also realize the rapid collection of point cloud data. It can also measure deep holes and hidden points by using the vProbe hidden point intelligent probe.   Figure 4: Measurement data analysis   3 Data analysis   After the measurement is completed, the collected actual measurement data is compared with the original CAD digital model. The software automatically generates a deviation chromatogram and intuitively distinguishes the deviation area by color (for example, green represents qualified, red represents positive excess, and blue represents negative excess). At the same time, the software can automatically calculate the numerical results of geometric tolerances such as flatness, position, contour, etc. according to the settings, and automatically analyze the position and deviation of the excess area.   Figure 5: Measurement Data Report   4 Report issued   According to the analysis results, customize the standardized test report template in the software, and automatically generate PDF reports containing deviation chromatography, key tolerance values, deviation analysis conclusions and other contents. The report can be directly exported and shared with the design, process or production departments as an authoritative basis for mold repair and acceptance.   Figure 6: API laser tracker function expansion accessories   Figure 7: Introduction to the accessory function of API laser tracker   More function expansion   In the three-dimensional measurement of automobile molds, some special measurement needs are often encountered. API Radian laser tracker provides comprehensive solutions through its rich accessory ecosystem.   1. Deep hole and hidden point measurement - vProbe hidden point intelligent probe   There are often complex deep cavity structures, deep holes or installation surfaces with blocked visibility inside automobile molds. At this time, the laser tracker cannot measure because the laser beam cannot directly irradiate the SMR target ball. The vProbe hidden point intelligent probe perfectly solves this problem. vProbe is a wireless and portable contact probe with multiple sets of high-precision sensors built-in. Through the real-time tracking of the laser receiving device on the probe, the coordinates of the measuring needle in three-dimensional space can be accurately calculated. Even if the probe goes deep into the mold or the blind area of the laser line of sight, the operator only needs to touch the measured point to easily obtain three-dimensional data of deep holes, grooves, back and other hidden features, which greatly expands the detection range of the tracker.   2. Automated Measurement Scenario - ActiveTarget Active Target   For robot calibration, detection of positions that are not easy for personnel to touch, batch detection, or scenarios that require high-frequency repeated measurement, ActiveTarget is a tool to improve efficiency. This is an intelligent target with built-in wireless communication and motion control functions, which can reversely lock the laser of the laser tracker, and there is no need to worry about the measurement interruption caused by light interruption in large-scale movement.   3. Six-degree-of-freedom measurement - STS six-dimensional sensor   In some detection scenarios, you not only need to know the position of the spatial point (X, Y, Z), but also need to know the posture of the object (pith angle, deflection angle, rolling angle). For example, measure the closing angle of the mold oblique wedge slider, the position of the robot gripper, or the installation posture of the welding fixture, etc. At this time, STS six-dimensional sensors can be installed on the measured object. By tracking the laser receiving device on the STS, the Radian laser tracker can calculate the six degrees of freedom (position + posture) data of the sensor center in real time to realize all-round and dynamic monitoring of the spatial state of complex motion mechanisms or components.   Sum up   In summary, API Radian laser tracker has become an ideal solution in the field of three-dimensional detection of automobile molds with its super-large range, micron accuracy, high portability and powerful function expansion ability. It not only overcomes the shortcomings of traditional measurement methods in terms of on-site adaptability, efficiency and data integrity, but also perfectly responds to complex challenges such as deep holes, hidden points, automation and six-degree-of-freedom measurement through breakthrough attachments such as vProbe, ActiveTarget and STS. Under the trend of intelligent manufacturing, high-precision and high-efficiency development in the automobile industry, the application of Radian laser tracker has significantly improved the quality and efficiency of mold manufacturing and commissioning, and provided a solid technical guarantee for the precision manufacturing of automobile vehicles and parts.

About the importance of precision three-dimensional detection of the base of the photograph machine   In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, the lithography machine is known as the "pearl in the crown", and its process level directly determines the process accuracy and performance of the chip. When the lithography machine is working, it needs to accurately project the nanometer-wide circuit pattern onto the wafer in a near-absolutely stable environment. As the physical bearing foundation of the lithography machine, the installation accuracy of the base is very important. The base not only needs to withstand the equipment weight of several tons or even dozens of tons, but also needs to ensure the long-term stability of the reference benchmark of the lithography machine during high-speed and high-precision movement. Any small tilt, subsidence or deformation may be amplified to the alignment deviation in the lithography process, resulting in a decrease in yield or even damage to the equipment. Therefore, high-precision three-dimensional space detection of the base of the lithography machine is the key prerequisite for ensuring the design performance of the lithography equipment and the stable mass production of the chip.   Test content   In the process of installation and debugging of the lithography machine base, precision three-dimensional detection mainly includes the following core aspects:   1. Level of the base table: The horizontal degree of the base table is the "zero reference" installed by the lithography machine, which usually requires the overall horizontality to reach the micron level to ensure that the straightness and horizontality of the motion guide of the lithography machine meet the design indicators;   2. Hole size and position: There are a large number of threaded holes and positioning pin holes used to fix the body of the lithography machine, vibration damping device and auxiliary equipment on the base. The diameter, verticality and three-dimensional deviation from the theoretical design position of these holes must be strictly controlled within the allowable tolerance, otherwise the equipment will not be installed or produced. Installation stress;   3. Position adjustment after the combination of each base: Large-scale lithography system is often supported by multiple independent bases (such as exposure unit base, measurement unit base, wafer transmission base, etc.). In the installation stage, the relative position between each base (including spacing, parallelism, height difference, etc.) needs to be dynamically adjusted to ensure All pedestals form a unified and highly rigid carrying platform.   Inadequacy of traditional testing methods   Traditionally, tools such as electronic level meters, micrometers, latitude and longitude meters and three-coordinate measuring machines (CMM) are often used for the detection of such large-scale precision bases. However, these methods have their own limitations:   · Relatively low efficiency: If an electronic level meter is used to measure a large base table, it needs to be manually set up and measured point by point, which takes several hours and is difficult to cover the whole situation;   · Measurement benchmarks are relatively difficult to unify: the measurement of hole position and table level is often carried out separately. Using different benchmarks, it is easy to introduce cumulative errors;   · Lack of global collaborative analysis: For the position adjustment after the combination of multiple bases, it is difficult for traditional tools to provide real-time feedback on the three-dimensional spatial relationship between each base under a unified coordinate system. The adjustment process depends on experience, repeated trial and error, low efficiency and difficult to guarantee accuracy;   · Data integrity is relatively poor: The traditional measurement method is mostly discrete point measurement, which cannot form complete three-dimensional model data, and later analysis and tracing are difficult.   Figure 1: API brand laser tracker (from left to right model: Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLT)   Advantages of using Radian laser tracker to carry out detection   With its characteristics of high accuracy, large size, dynamic measurement and real-time feedback, the API brand Radian laser tracker has brought a revolutionary improvement to the detection of the base of the lithography machine:   1. Ultra-high precision + large range: Radian series laser tracker has a micron-level spatial measurement accuracy, with a measurement radius of more than 80 meters, which can fully cover the measurement range of the lithography machine base and ensure the detection requirements of the lithography machine base within a range of tens of meters;   2. Unified coordinate system: Establish a global coordinate system through the laser tracker, which can complete all detection contents such as table level, hole measurement, multi-base combination adjustment, etc. under the same benchmark, eliminating the benchmark conversion error;   3. Efficient and comprehensive: Radian series laser tracker has a data acquisition rate of 1000Hz, which can quickly collect spatial point cloud data and realize the fast and clear detection of the geometric characteristics of the base;   4. Real-time dynamic guidance: During the adjustment process, the Radian laser tracker can display the deviation between the current measured point and the theoretical position in real time, guide the operator to make precise adjustments with dynamic data, and change the serial mode of "detection-adjustment-re-inspection" to the parallel mode of "real-time adjustment-time verification".   Figure 2: The measurement site of this case (1)   Implementation of testing   1 Set up the tracker   Place the Radian laser tracker on a stable foundation or tripod at the installation site of the lithography machine base to ensure that its viewing conditions are good, can cover all the bases and measurement points to be tested, and establish an initial coordinate system.   2 Measurement process   The operator holds a high-precision reflective target ball (SMR) with a built-in prism, touches the special position to be measured in turn, or slides to fit the workpiece; the laser tracker then tracks the center point of the target ball and measures it in real time, and feedbacks the spatial coordinate data of the center of the target ball to the software record for subsequent analysis. For the horizontal measurement of the base table, it is enough to plan the collection path on the table and continuously collect the point coordinate data; for the measurement of the hole size and position, by placing the target ball in a special pin, use the base pin to fit the hole wall to collect data, and then use the data to combine to calculate and analyze each key hole (positioning pin hole, The central coordinates, aperture, circumference and other data of the threaded hole) can realize the evaluation of the position degree.   Figure 3: The measurement site of this case (2)   3 Data analysis   All measurement data is transmitted to supporting software systems in real time (such as SpatialAnalyzer, PolyWorks, Verisurf, Metrolog, MeasurePro, etc.). Under the unified global coordinate system, the software performs plane fitting of the horizontality data of the base table, generates a colored isous line diagram, and intuitively displays the overall flatness error and the local unevenness area; according to the hole size and position degree, the software will automatically fit and automatically calculate the X, Y and Z deviation of each hole position, so as to realize the position. The evaluation of the degree is output in the form of a list or chromatogram to quickly identify the super-dadextance.   Figure 4: Measurement data and analysis   4 Issue an analysis report   The software automatically generates inspection reports, which include table horizontal analysis diagram, hole position deviation list, three-dimensional deviation cloud diagram, etc. All data can be traced and archived, providing accurate data credentials for base acceptance and subsequent lithography machine installation.   5 Adjustment function   For the position adjustment after the combination of each base, the Radian laser tracker incorporates the key reference points (such as reference pin holes and corner points) of multiple bases (such as A, B and C bases) into the unified coordinate system. After the software sets the theoretical design coordinates, the deviation value of the current actual position of each base and the theoretical position (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ, pitch angle, etc.) is displayed in real time. According to the dynamic deviation data on the screen, the operator fine-tunes it through the precision adjustment mechanism under the base (such as top thread, wedge-shaped iron), until the spatial position and relative posture of all the bases reach the design tolerance range. The whole process realizes the precise closed-loop control of "what you see is what you get".   Sum up   The application of Radian laser tracker in the installation and commissioning and testing of the semiconductor lithography machine base has solved the core pain points such as insufficient range and accuracy of traditional detection methods, relatively low efficiency, difficult benchmarks to be unified, and relatively difficult to adjust. Its high-precision, large-scale and real-time dynamic measurement ability not only ensures the precision control of the horizontality of the base table, the position of the hole position and the multi-base combination position adjustment, but also provides a solid technical guarantee for the precise installation of high-end semiconductor equipment through digital and visual data management. The application of Radian laser tracker has significantly improved the installation efficiency and quality, strongly supported the accuracy needs of the front-end of chip manufacturing, and has become an indispensable core measurement tool in the field of precision engineering in the semiconductor industry.   Figure 5: API Company Headquarters Building

Project background   Customer company: a large-scale manufacturing enterprise in a country;   Industry: high-end equipment manufacturing industry, heavy machinery processing;   Application scenario: precision testing of large-scale boring and milling machining centers.   The company has a large boring and milling machining center for processing large equipment parts. The machine tool completes milling, drilling, boring and other processes at the same time. In order to ensure the accuracy and product quality of its processed parts, it is necessary to test the size accuracy of parts online and offline.   Challenges and pain points of customers   1 Oversized measurement: parts can be up to 5 meters long, and the traditional three-coordinates cannot meet the online size control of parts and the measurement needs of large dimensions (such as axiality, parallelism, etc.);   2 Online testing: Testing is not only to verify the accuracy of the machine tool, but also to quickly locate the source of the error, clarify the status of the parts, and finally ensure the accuracy and size of the parts after it is off-line;   3 Complexity of workshop environment: There are interference factors such as vibration and temperature fluctuations in the workshop, which poses a challenge to high-precision measurement.   Solution   After comprehensive evaluation, the customer enterprise chose to use the API brand Radian Core laser tracker measurement system as the solution.   1 Core equipment: Radian Core laser tracker - Radian Core laser tracker has a micron-level measurement accuracy (μm, 1/1000mm) and a measurement radius of up to 80 meters, which can meet the needs of large machine tool testing;   2 High-precision target ball (SMR): used to realize contact measurement data collection with laser tracker and reflect laser beam;   3 Portable control unit and measurement software: used to control the tracker, collect data, and automatically generate analysis reports.\   Figure 1: API brand series laser tracker (from left to right model: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   Implementation plan   First, carry out inspection planning and equipment layout: according to the size of the parts to be tested, place the laser tracker in a position where you can see the stroke of each axis. Radian Core laser tracker is portable (equipment weight <11kg) and can be quickly deployed at assembly sites or workshop sites.   Then, the on-site measurement can begin. When measuring, the operator holds the target ball with a built-in prism, and the laser tracker shoots the laser to the center of the target ball and locks the tracking. After the target ball fits and stabilizes with the position to be tested, the tracker quickly collects the three-dimensional data of the position at a rate of 1000 points/second and transmits it to the measurement software storage located on the laptop terminal. It is used for subsequent data analysis; in measuring AGV, machine tools, robots and other scenarios, the target ball can also be fixed on the AGV platform, the spindle position of the machine tool, or the end of the robot, which can realize automated data measurement and collection according to demand.   Select a reasonable tracker station for the measurement needs of parts and measure the size of the shaft hole. Through the reasonable arrangement of the transfer station, the movement of the tracker station is realized, which not only ensures the accuracy of the station, but also stitches the detected data together. Through the temperature compensation system of the software, the trouble of parts not having to wait for constant temperature measurement is realized.   Figure 2: API laser tracker measurement site   Data analysis and report generation   In this case, the operator uses Polyworks measurement software to automatically analyze the technical requirements of the parts required by customers, such as the diameter size of each hole, the coaxiality size, and the relative position ruler, according to the collected spatial coordinate data. The software automatically generates intuitive analysis reports (including data lists, curve charts, error cloud charts, etc.).   In addition to the Polyworks measurement software used in this case, the API brand series laser tracker (Radian and iLT) can also be compatible with the vast majority of measurement software on the market (including but not limited to: SpatialAnalyzer, Verisurf, Metr Olog, etc.), can be quickly integrated into the customer's existing measurement system.   In addition, API has accumulated nearly 40 years of technology, went deep into the field, combined with the needs and habits of front-line use, and independently developed the MeasurePro series of measurement software, which can quickly integrate the full series of API measurement equipment, realize multi-equipment and multi-link data collection and analysis, and provide customers with precision Measure the new experience of excellence.   Figure 3: Measurement Data and Analysis   Achievements and benefits   After the introduction of the API Radian Core laser tracker system, customer enterprises have achieved remarkable results in the detection and maintenance of large machine tools.   1 The inspection efficiency has been greatly improved: Compared with the traditional testing method, the inspection efficiency has been shortened by more than 70%. In the past, it took 1-2 days to complete the precision inspection of parts, but now it only takes half an hour to complete, which greatly reduces the downtime of the machine tool;   2 High detection accuracy and reliability: The laser tracker provides micron-level measurement accuracy, and its built-in temperature compensation module can effectively offset the impact of environmental temperature changes in the workshop on the measurement results, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the detection data;   3 Accurate guidance: The automatically generated detailed inspection report can not only accurately reflect the current precision status of the parts, but also preliminarily determine the processing status of the machine tool and compensate for the processing parameters.   Conclusion and Prospect   This case shows that the high-precision laser tracker is a rational tool to solve the problems of accuracy and efficiency in the inspection of large machine tools and ultra-large workpiece manufacturing parts. It can not only replace a variety of traditional testing tools and realize fast and accurate multi-dimensional measurement, but also provide accurate guidance for equipment maintenance through intuitive data analysis. It is an important part of mechanical processing enterprises' move towards digital and intelligent quality management.   In the future, with the progress of technology, the integration of laser tracker and machine tool control system will be closer, which is expected to realize real-time error compensation and closed-loop control in the processing process, and further promote the development of the mechanical processing industry towards ultra-high precision and intelligence.

About the importance of laser cutting machine and testing   As one of the core equipment of modern manufacturing, laser cutting machines are widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, sheet metal processing and other fields. It accurately cuts metal or non-metallic materials through high-energy laser beams, and the processing accuracy and efficiency directly affect the quality and production cost of the final product. With the development of the manufacturing industry towards high precision and high efficiency, the dynamic accuracy and spatial position accuracy of laser cutting machines have become key indicators for measuring equipment performance.   In laser cutting machines, B angle (usually refers to the rotation angle around the Y axis) and C angle (usually refers to the rotation angle around the Z axis) are important parameters to describe the attitude of the cutting head. The accuracy of B and C angles directly determines the positioning accuracy of the cutting head on complex curved surfaces or tilted cutting, which in turn affects the verticality, cut quality and contour accuracy of the cutting surface. Therefore, regular testing and calibration of B and C angles is a necessary link to ensure the long-term stable operation of the laser cutting machine and maintain the processing accuracy.   Analysis of testing needs   After the laser cutting machine runs for a long time or undergoes handling and vibration, the mechanical structure may produce slight deformation or wear, resulting in deviations in B and C angles. The corresponding testing needs mainly include:   1. B angle detection: measure the angular accuracy of the cutting head's rotation around the Y axis to ensure the verticality of the laser beam to the surface of the workpiece during tilting cutting.   2. C angle detection: measure the angular accuracy of the cutting head's rotation around the Z axis to ensure the directional accuracy of the cutting head in the horizontal plane.   3. Dynamic accuracy evaluation: In the process of simulating the processing movement, measure the changes of B and C angles in real time to evaluate the stability of the equipment in the motion state.   Traditional testing methods   Traditional detection methods, such as the use of right angle ruler, inclination meter or optical self-calimator, have certain limitations:   1 Contact tools may cause data deviations due to human operation or tool self-weight;   2 The traditional method is difficult to achieve continuous dynamic measurement and cannot fully reflect the accuracy changes of the equipment during the movement;   3 The efficiency is relatively low, requiring multiple installation and step-by-step measurement, which takes a long time and is highly dependent on the experience of the operator.   Figure 1: Radian Pro Laser Tracker   API laser tracker measurement solution   In response to the demand for the measurement accuracy of the laser cutting machine, the API adopts the Radian Pro model laser tracker to carry out measurement.   Radian Pro laser tracker is the flagship model in the API brand Radian series. It integrates IFM (interferometer laser) and ADM (absolute laser) dual lasers. The measurement data can be traced, which is the guarantee of high-precision and high-standard measurement. The measurement rate of Radian Pro laser tracker can reach 1000Hz. Whether in static or dynamic mode, it can perform more than fluently and easily meet the detection needs. In addition, it also has a very large measurement range, which can carry out high-precision measurement of workpieces or measuring targets within a range of 160 meters.   When measuring, the tracker will shoot the laser to the target ball of the built-in prism and track it. After the target ball fits the position to be measured, the tracker can manually or automatically measure and collect spatial data on the target position. After the data collection, it will be transmitted synchronously to the measurement software on the laptop terminal for subsequent Analysis.   Figure 2: Laser tracker cutting machine inspection site   Measurement and implementation   1 Place the Radian Pro laser tracker in a suitable position around the laser cutting machine to be tested, connect the laptop and turn it on;   2 Fix the tracker target ball on the spindle of the laser cutting machine;   3 Operate the laser cutting machine to move the corresponding amplitude in the direction of movement of the B axis and the C axis respectively;   4 During the short stay at the point to be measured, the Radian Pro laser tracker collects the spatial coordinate data of the point at high speed and records it in the measurement software on the laptop terminal;   5 After all the points are measured, the corresponding measurement results can be analyzed in the measurement software and the measurement report can be issued.   Measurement data and analysis of this case   The following is the measurement and analysis report for the accuracy detection of the B-axis and C-axis of the laser cutting machine in this case:   Figure 3: Excerpt of B-axis Measurement Report (I)     Figure 4: Excerpt of B-axis measurement report (II) Figure 5: C-axis measurement report excerpt (I)   Figure 6: C-axis measurement report excerpt (II)   Figure 7: API laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   More models to choose from   In addition to the Radian Pro laser tracker used in this case, the API brand also provides different models of laser tracker products to meet the measurement needs of more fields and application scenarios.   While providing high-precision measurement, Radian Plus and Radian Core realize battery-powered and wireless data transmission, truly realizing fully wireless large-size precision measurement.   The newly launched iLT laser tracker further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% (compared with the Radian series) on the basis of fully wireless measurement. The weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, giving full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoor, Application environments such as narrow space and multi-machine integration.   XD Laser six-dimensional laser interferometer   In this case, in addition to using a laser tracker to test the accuracy of the B-axis and C-axis, the XD Laser interferometer with unique API was used to test and diagnose the straightness accuracy of the cutting machine.   The XD Laser interferometer is more convenient and efficient than the conventional laser interferometer. It adopts a highly integrated body design to cleverly integrate the interferometer into the host. In practical application, it only needs two points of light, which greatly saves on-site measurement space and facilitates use.   In addition, the XD Laser interferometer can detect up to 6 parameters at the same time, namely X, Y, Z, swing angle, pitch angle, and rolling angle, without changing the mirror group and adjusting the optical path many times, which is 5 times more efficient than that of conventional laser interferometers and can reduce up to 80% of downtime.   Figure 8: XD Laser Interferometer   Figure 9: Laser interferometer cutting machine inspection site   Sum up   The application of API brand series products can achieve high-standard and efficient detection of the accuracy of each axis of laser cutting machine, and meet the testing needs of customers for laser cutting machines.

The importance of large-scale sugar-making equipment and three-dimensional measurement and detection   Large-scale sugar-making equipment is the core of sugar factory production, covering the whole process equipment from raw material pretreatment, sugar extraction, sugar juice purification, evaporation crystallization to separation and drying, mainly including sugar cane press, beete continuous exudation, crystallization tank, honey separation machine, etc. These equipment generally have the characteristics of non-standard design, huge structure and continuous operation, and have been in a harsh working environment of high temperature, high humidity and heavy load vibration for a long time.   It is very important to implement three-dimensional measurement and testing for large-scale sugar-making equipment. On the one hand, the installation accuracy of the equipment directly affects the sugar extraction rate and operation stability. For example, the excessive parallelism deviation of the roller of the press will lead to a decrease in the sugarcane juice extraction rate and the increase of equipment wear; on the other hand, imported or old equipment often faces the problem of missing drawings, and three-dimensional measurement can achieve accurate production of spare parts through reverse engineering. Make. More importantly, upgrading from traditional maintenance based on experience to digital maintenance based on accurate data has become an important link in the equipment management of the sugar industry.   Characteristics and challenges of three-dimensional detection of large-scale sugar-making equipment   1 Test objects and core indicators   The three-dimensional detection of large-scale sugar-making equipment mainly focuses on the following key parts and shape tolerances:   Figure 1: Focus on the three-dimensional detection index of large-scale sugar-making equipment   The accuracy requirements of these detection indicators usually reach the level of 0.05mm-0.1mm, and the core components are even higher.   2 Inadequacy of traditional testing methods   Before the introduction of modern measurement technologies such as laser trackers, the detection of sugar-making equipment mainly relied on traditional methods, and there were obvious limitations in functional realization and measurement effect:   (1) Complicated tools and cumbersome processes: Traditional measurement requires carrying a variety of tools (such as pulling steel wire, percentimeter, level meter, stopper ruler, etc.) to plan plans for different measurement tasks, and the workflow is complicated;   (2) Man-made errors are difficult to avoid: due to the involvement of man-made factors, the consistency of measurement results is relatively poor, and error control is difficult;   (3) Insufficient large-size measurement capacity: It is difficult for traditional three-coordinate measuring machines and joint arms to meet the measurement needs of large-scale sugar-making equipment up to several meters to dozens of meters in terms of range;   (4) Relatively low efficiency and long downtime: Traditional measurement requires a large number of scaffolding, which is time-consuming and dangerous, resulting in an extended overhaul cycle of sugar factories;   (5) Poor adaptability to harsh environments: There are dust, oil sludge, high temperature and high humidity environment at the sugar production site, and traditional optical instruments are vulnerable to interference.   Figure 2: API series laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   Advantages of API laser tracker in the detection of sugar-making equipment   API brand Radian series and iLT series laser trackers provide efficient solutions for three-dimensional detection of large-scale sugar equipment with their excellent performance:   1 Large size and high-precision measurement ability   API series laser trackers all have micron (μm, 1/1000mm) level measurement accuracy, with a measurement range of up to 160 meters, and the scale can cover the detection needs of various large-scale equipment in sugar factories. Whether it is the roller system of the squeezer with a length of more than ten meters or the verticality measurement of the large crystallization tank, it can achieve full-range high-precision detection.   2 Extreme portability and flexible installation   The Radian series laser tracker is compact and highly integrated, and can be installed vertically, horizontally, inverted or tilted at any angle according to the actual situation on site. This characteristic is especially practical in the testing site of sugar-making equipment with limited space. For example, when measuring the coaxiality of the hole system between the narrow press racks, the tracker can be flexibly placed in the best measurement position. The iLT series laser tracker launched later further reduces the volume and weight by 50% on the basis of the Radian series, which is easily suitable for extremely narrow measurement space and portable when going out.   3 Adaptability to harsh environments   There are dust, sugar adhesion, oil sludge and other pollutions at the sugar production site. The API series laser trackers have a high IP protection level, which can effectively avoid dust and oil sludge intrusion, and can stably complete the measurement task even under harsh working conditions.   4 Efficient data collection ability   During the measurement, the operator touches the part to be tested by holding the target ball (SMR), and the tracker collects three-dimensional coordinate data in real time at a collection rate of 1000Hz. The single-point measurement of the stable point only takes a few seconds (which can be set according to actual needs), and can realize real-time trajectory measurement and automatic measurement of collection, which can greatly improve the efficiency of on-site operation and shorten the downtime of the sugar factory overhaul. Figure 3: API tracker function expansion accessories   Figure 4: Introduction to the function of API tracker accessories   5 Function expansion and software support   With vProbe hidden point probes and other accessories, deep holes, grooves and other complex parts can be measured. The supporting measurement software supports shape tolerance analysis, digital-to-model comparison, reverse engineering and other functions to meet the all-round needs of sugar-making equipment testing.   API laser tracker can be compatible with mainstream measurement software on the market, such as Polyworks, SA, Metrolog, Verisurf, etc., and can be conveniently and quickly integrated into the customer's existing measurement system. API also combines the on-site needs of factories and laboratories to independently write Measure Pro measurement software, which can efficiently adapt and integrate all API measurement equipment, cooperate with data collection and analysis, and build API comprehensive measurement ecological solutions.   Figure 5: Sugar-making mechanical parts to be measured in this case   On-site measurement example display: large-scale sugar press grinding roller hole system coaxiality and parallelism detection   1 Measurement background   The measurement site is a large sugar enterprise located in Durban, South Africa.   The crushing roller of a large sugar press is the core component of the pressing process. Its installation base - the coaxiality and parallelism of the bearing mounting holes on the frame on both sides directly determine the operation status of the crushing roller. If the coaxiality of the hole system is too poor, it will lead to uneven force on the roller shaft, overheating of the bearing, and increased wear, which will seriously affect the sugar extraction efficiency and equipment life. In this case, it is necessary to carry out precise three-dimensional testing of multiple bearing holes on the racks on both sides of the press.   2 The dilemma of traditional detection methods   The frame length of the press machine is more than 6 meters, with a large spacing of bearing holes on both sides and a complex spatial position. The traditional method requires pulling the steel wire with the hole-by-hole measurement of the inner diameter micrometer. It requires two people to cooperate to operate, which takes more than half a day. And it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy due to the influence of the vertical curvature of the steel wire and the human reading error.   Figure 6: The measurement site of this case   3 API laser tracker detection process   Step 1: On-site layout and instrument in place   The API brand Radian Core laser tracker used on site, before starting the measurement, the API Radian laser tracker needs to be erected in a suitable position in front of the press rack to ensure that all bearing holes to be tested can be seen. Since Radian can be installed flexibly, engineers can adjust it to the best observation angle according to the on-site space conditions.   Figure 7: API tracker target ball and cylindrical pin measurement accessories   Step 2: Data collection   Use the target ball (SMR) with the cylindrical pin ball seat for measurement (please refer to Figure 5). Adsorb the target ball on the top of the cylindrical pin ball seat, and then fit the column pin part of the ball seat to the inner wall of each bearing hole, and evenly collect multiple points along the circle of the hole. The tracker tracks the position of the target ball in real time and collects the three-dimensional coordinates of each point at a frequency of 1000Hz.   For each circumferential point of a hole, the measurement software automatically fits the center coordinates and axis direction vectors of the hole. Do the same operation on all the bearing holes of the racks on both sides in turn.   Figure 8: Data Analysis Report Indicative   Step 3: Data Analysis   After the three-dimensional coordinate data of all the points to be measured is collected, you can operate the settings in the measurement software on the laptop and carry out the final data analysis.   Combined with the measurement content of this case, using the measurement data of each point of each hole to fit the construction cylinder, the measurement software can automatically calculate and analyze the spatial data of the axis of the cylinder based on the measurement data of each hole according to the instructions and requirements, and compare the axis data, so as to realize the coaxiality, parallelism, etc. Data analysis.   Sum up   API laser tracker shows excellent applicability in the field of three-dimensional measurement and testing of large-scale sugar-making equipment. Its large size, high precision, portability and flexibility, strong environmental adaptability and other characteristics can meet the testing needs of sugar-making equipment. From the coaxial parallelism detection of the press roller shaft system, to the straightness measurement of the exudator spindle, to the reverse modeling and digitization of spare parts of various old equipment, the API laser tracker can provide efficient and accurate solutions.   It can be seen from the coaxial and parallel detection examples described in this article that the API laser tracker can not only greatly improve the measurement efficiency and shorten the overhaul cycle of sugar factories, but also ensure the quality of equipment installation with micron-level accuracy, which provides an effective means for sugar enterprises to achieve the leap from experience maintenance to digital precision maintenance. With the development of the sugar industry towards intelligence and refinement, three-dimensional measurement technology based on laser trackers will definitely play an increasingly important role.   Figure 9: API Company Headquarters Building   About API Company   API Company was founded in 1987 by Dr. Liu Jinchao on the basis of independent patented technology. It is headquartered in Rockwell, Maryland, USA. Since its establishment, API has always been committed to the research and development and production of precision measuring instruments and high-performance sensors in the field of machinery manufacturing. The products have been widely used in advanced manufacturing fields around the world, and are in a leading position in the high-precision standards of coordinate measurement and machine tool performance testing.   API Company has a team of experienced and capable engineers, constantly developing advanced innovative products to meet the needs of rapidly developing industrial technology. In many projects of global government, enterprise and scientific research, API is an active participant and key technical partner. The achievements so far enjoy a high reputation in the field of international precision measurement. As the core product of API Company, laser tracker has been widely used in the fields of large-size precision measurement in many industries such as aerospace, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, engineering machinery, energy facilities, agricultural facilities, robot automation, and precision compensation for large machine tools.

About AGV   AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) refers to a transport vehicle equipped with automatic guidance devices such as electromagnetics or optics. It can drive along the prescribed guidance path and has safety protection and various transfer functions. The application of AGV is It has the advantages of high degree of automation, efficient application, beauty and convenient use, and improving the corporate image.   With the development of industrial informatization and the increasing demand for intelligence of manufacturing equipment, AGV robots can adapt well to the development trend of flexibility, intelligence and informatization of modern manufacturing technology, so that the manufacturing industry has made a qualitative leap in production organization, information management and logistics technology. With the industry With the rapid development and the continuous expansion of the application range of AGV, the AGV system can be widely used in industry, military, transportation, electronics and other fields, and has good environmental adaptability.   The calibration of AGV   The navigation accuracy (positioning accuracy, repeated positioning accuracy, linear offset), movement speed, acceleration, parking accuracy, minimum rotation radius, etc. of AGV are important indicators of the product, which are all important parameters that need attention in the daily application of AGV. These parameters need to be measured and diagnosed regularly, so as to understand the performance of AGV at all times and ensure that it is in the best working state.   Figure 1: API brand Radian and iLT series laser trackers   API Laser Tracker AGV Measurement Solution   In order to meet the detection needs of various parameters of AGV, in addition to high accuracy, measurement equipment is also required to have good dynamic performance, which is difficult to achieve by traditional measurement methods.   The application of API's Radian and iLT series laser trackers solves the problem of AGV dynamic detection.   The API laser tracker has an ultra-high data collection rate of 1000Hz (1000 points/second), which can fully meet the needs of static and dynamic detection of AGV carts. In addition, the measurement range of more than 160 meters can also meet the detection and calibration of AGV's active parameters in a large range.   Measurement and implementation   Usually, during measurement, the API laser tracker can be placed in a suitable position on the site, and then the tracker target ball (SMR) can be fixed on the self-rotating mechanism of the target ball developed by API. The laser tracker shoots the laser to the center of the target ball and locks the tracking. The static collection can be set according to the needs (AGV cart Static measurement after stopping at the position to be tested) or dynamic measurement (real-time measurement in the AGV car movement) to achieve and achieve the purpose of detection.   Figure 2: API tracker AGV cart measurement site   ActiveTarget and STS six-dimensional sensor   In addition to cooperating with the target ball to achieve data collection, the API series laser tracker can also cooperate with the ActiveTarget active target to realize the reverse locking of the laser, that is, while the laser tracker locks the target, the target will also automatically reverse lock the tracker and automatically turn to the laser direction during the movement, not It will cut off the light, so as to achieve faster and more coherent measurement, which is very friendly to the application scenario of high-speed trajectory measurement.   The STS six-dimensional sensor further realizes the measurement of 6DoF on the basis of the automatic reverse locking function of ActiveTarget active target, that is, in addition to measuring the spatial parameters of X, Y and Z at one time, it can also measure the parameters of swing angle, pitch angle and rolling angle at the same time to obtain the position. And posture data.   Figure 3: Introduction to the target function of ActiveTarget and STS cooperation   Figure 4: AGV measurement site and report indication   Tailor-made, collaborative development   At the same time, API can be software developed according to the personalized needs of AGV manufacturers for measurement. It provides data collection and analysis modules with reference to national standards and custom standards of enterprises. It can measure and record the positioning accuracy, repeat positioning accuracy and straightness performance of AGV movements and display them in real time, providing flexible on-site coordinates. The method software can define the start, termination position, operation increment, number of cycles, etc. of measurement positioning accuracy, and at the same time, it can measure the two-way straightness of operation. And provide real-time display of parameters such as speed and acceleration.   Sharing of other on-site measurement examples   Figure 5: Sharing of other measurement sites (I)   Figure 6: Sharing of other measurement site examples (II)   Sum up   API can provide high-precision and high-efficiency static and dynamic three-dimensional and six-dimensional detection for AGV according to different measurement needs, and protect your production and scientific research.   About API   The API brand was founded by Dr. Kam Lau in Rockwell, Maryland, USA in 1987. It is the inventor of laser trackers and holds many patents for the world's leading measurement technology. It is a leader in the field of precision measurement technology. Since its establishment, API has been committed to the field of machinery manufacturing. In the research and development and production of dense measurement instruments and high-performance sensors, the products have been widely used in advanced manufacturing fields around the world, and are in a leading position in the high-precision standards of coordinate measurement and machine tool performance test.  

About the hydropower industry   Hydropower is a clean energy source, renewable, pollution-free, and conducive to improving the utilization rate of resources. Under the situation that the earth's traditional energy is increasingly tight, the development of hydropower has developed rapidly.   China is among the best in the world in terms of hydropower reserves and exploitable hydropower resources. With the completion of well-known hydropower projects such as Three Gorges, Baihetan and Xiluodu, the design, construction and equipment manufacturing of hydropower stations have also reached the international leading level, and China has become one of the technology exporters in the hydropower industry.   The rapid development and continuous growth of the industry inevitably have higher requirements for the standards of manufacturing, installation, commissioning, etc. of hydropower projects, so the measurement and testing work in these processes needs to be more rigorous and efficient.   Picture: Water and electricity maintenance site   Measurement demand and difficulties of the hydropower industry   1. Typical demand   The roundness of the rotor needs to be measured during installation or expanded maintenance of the turbine generator set. Generally, the tolerance requirement of the outer diameter of the rotor of the large turbine generator is generally about 1mm to ensure roundness and coaxiality, thus ensuring the uniformity with the stator gap, and the consistency of the height of the magnetic pole center and the height of the stator center.   During the operation of the rotor of the large turbine generator, the gap between the rotor and the stator is very small, generally only 8 to 40mm, and the generator spindle should drive the rotor, the water turbine spindle, the rotor, etc. to rotate together at a speed of hundreds to thousands of rpm (the overall rotation weight of the general unit is more than 10 tons). If the rotor If the outer roundness does not meet the requirements, the gap with the stator will be uneven, which will cause great vibration during the rotation of the unit, affecting the power generation of the unit. If the height of the magnetic pole center is inconsistent with the height of the stator center, it will also affect the power generation of the unit; therefore, it is very important to control the roundness, coaxiality and center height error of the outer circle of the rotor within the ideal range.   2. Other measurement requirements   - Test parameters such as cylinderity and diameter size of the rotor   - Detect parameters such as cylinderity and diameter size of the stator   - Detect the coaxiality of related parts and guide the installation and adjustment   - Test the roundness and cylindricity and other related dimensions of the workpiece   - Other high-precision measurement and adjustment guidance involving geometric or spatial positions on the production line   Traditional measurement methods and problems   Traditional measuring instruments and tools, such as measuring round frame, level meter, centring instrument, inner diameter or outer diameter micrometer, percentage meter, vernier caliper, etc., need to use a variety of instruments or tools to obtain the measurement results, and then gradually calculate to obtain the measurement results, which introduces a large number of cumulative errors, which leads to measurement accuracy and reliability. Sexual reduction.   For example: the traditional rotor circle measuring device is relatively cumbersome in adjusting the concentricity with the rotor. It needs to set up a centrimeter and repeatedly measure and proofread it with the piano line. After finding the center of the rotor center, the circle measuring device and the rotor center can be adjusted, which is time-consuming and and eforious; and when encountering the rotor benchmark, the rotor center ring When the surface is used as a benchmark, the traditional circle measuring device cannot be used.   Figure: API brand series laser tracker (from left to right model: Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLT)   Measurement characteristics of Radian laser tracker   API's Radian laser tracker is a high-precision 3/6D measuring instrument with a large measurement range, which is very suitable for measurement and testing operations in all aspects of hydropower projects.   Just set up the Radian laser tracker next to the standard to be measured to start the operation and measurement; when measuring, set the Radian laser tracker in the system coordinate system, and the emitted laser will track the SMR (tracker target) in the operator's hand. The operator only needs to hold the target and touch the data to be collected. For the part to be tested, the tracker will automatically collect the three-dimensional measurement data of the counting point, send it to the laptop and record it in the measurement software for subsequent processing and analysis.   After the data information of all the parts to be tested is collected, the operator can set, analyze and compare these data with the nominal value in the measurement software, so as to obtain the error of the actual value and achieve the effect of detection.   Radian laser tracker has micron (μm) accuracy, a measurement radius of more than 80 meters, and a super-large measurement angle range. It is compact and compact in design. It can be installed in any posture and can fully meet the requirements of measurement accuracy, efficiency, range, etc. in all aspects of the hydropower project; Among them, Radian Plus and Radian Core models also adopt battery-powered and wireless communication systems, which can completely get rid of the shackles and troubles of various cables, making the whole measurement process easier to control.   Performance characteristics of iLT laser tracker   The newly launched iLT laser tracker further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% (compared with the Radian series) on the basis of fully wireless measurement. The weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, giving full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoor, Application environments such as narrow space and multi-machine integration.   API laser tracker hydropower industry measurement example   1. Stator cylinder & diameter                                                                   2. Detection of the upper axis of the generator: measure the cylinder, analyze the deformation through the cross-section circle, measure the coaxiality of the upper and lower cylinders, and see the deviation.                                 Live sharing of other hydropower testing sites                                                                                                     Sum up   Based on the working characteristics of API brand Radian / iLT laser tracker with high precision, large range, large angle, flexible and portable, easy to operate, etc., it can provide high-quality precision measurement solutions for manufacturing, installation, commissioning, maintenance and other links in hydropower projects, and can fully meet the hydropower industry's High standard requirements for measurement accuracy and convenience.

About the tower   Tower instrument, known as the "separation heart" of modern process industry, stands a kind of cylindrical equipment, that is, tower instrument, in the huge installation area of petroleum refining, chemical industry, pharmaceutical and other process industries. As the core equipment to realize the separation, purification and chemical reaction of the mixture, the tower instrument allows gas and liquid to contact backflow through the internal precise tower plate to complete key processes such as distillation, absorption and desorption. Its separation efficiency directly determines the purity, yield and economic benefits of the whole device of the final product. The manufacturing and installation accuracy of the tower, especially its verticality, internal horizontality, takeover direction and other geometric parameters, is the lifeline to ensure its safe, efficient and long-term operation.   The importance of tower instrument detection   With the increasingly strict engineering standards and the popularization of digital delivery, the implementation of three-dimensional precision testing of tower instruments has become a rigid requirement. Traditional testing methods, such as perpendicular lines, level meters, etc., are relatively low in efficiency, and it is difficult to obtain comprehensive and quantitative spatial data, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of data-driven decision-making in modern projects. Digital three-dimensional detection establishes a "digital twin" model for the tower instrument through high-precision spatial coordinate measurement, and realizes the accurate control of the whole life cycle from manufacturing, installation to operation and maintenance. It is an indispensable technical cornerstone for preventing deformation, guiding installation, verifying quality, supporting transformation and other links.   Figure 1: A certain model of tower device   API laser tracking tower three-dimensional detection solution   With the unique advantages of large-scale, high-precision and real-time feedback, the API laser tracker can meet the needs of precision geometric detection of the tower instrument. Its core testing content includes:   1. Macro shape tolerance detection   √ Straightness and verticality of the tower: measure the spatial trajectory of the section and the center line of the whole tower to ensure that it meets the design requirements;   √ Roundness and diameter of the cylinder: analysis of the roundness of each segment port and typical cross-section, control the ellipse, and ensure the installation conditions of the internal parts.   2. Installation accuracy detection of key internal components   √ Support circle/support beam detection: height and horizontal measurement are the basis of the level of the tower plate or packing bed, which directly affects the uniformity of gas-liquid distribution;   √ Tower plate assembly detection: accurate measurement of the flatness of the tower plate, the height consistency of the overflow weir, the verticality and spacing of the liquid plate;   √ Coaxiality of the inner part: evaluation of the center of the multi-layer inner part and the theoretical axis of the tower.   3. External interface and auxiliary structure detection   √ Take over flange: center coordinates, flange normal direction (amuth angle and tilt angle), flatness and bolt hole distribution circle detection;   √ Platform ladder and tower pipeline: spatial position and interference inspection.   4. Manufacturing and installation process control   √ Segmented pre-assembly and ring seam pairing: guide the on-site assembly after the segmented manufacturing of large towers, and control the amount of misalignment and gap uniformity;   √ Foundation and skirt seat: Check the surface flatness and the position of the base bolt hole on the foundation board.   Figure 2: API series laser tracker (model from left to right: iLT / Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLTx)   Introduction to the technical advantages of API laser tracker   Among many measurement tools, API brand Radian and iLT series laser trackers provide accurate and efficient solutions for tower detection with excellent engineering design and stable measurement performance.   Radian laser tracker is a high-precision 3D/6D measuring instrument with a large measurement range. It has a micron (μm) level accuracy, a measurement radius of more than 80 meters, and a super-large measurement angle range. It is compact and compact in design, and can be installed and work in any posture, which can fully Meet the requirements of measurement accuracy, efficiency, range, etc. in each link of the tower measurement; among them, Radian Plus and Radian Core models also adopt battery-powered and wireless communication systems, which can completely get rid of the constraints and troubles of various cables, making the whole measurement process easier. Control.   Just set up the Radian laser tracker next to the standard to be measured to start the operation and measurement; when measuring, set the Radian laser tracker in the system coordinate system, and the emitted laser will track the SMR (tracker target) in the operator's hand. The operator only needs to hold the target and touch the data to be collected. For the part to be tested, the tracker will automatically collect the three-dimensional measurement data of the counting point, send it to the laptop and record it in the measurement software for subsequent processing and analysis.   After the data information of all the parts to be tested is collected, the operator can set, analyze and compare these data with the nominal value in the measurement software, so as to obtain the error of the actual value and achieve the effect of detection.   Figure 3: Radian (left) and iLT (right) laser trackers   The newly launched iLT laser tracker further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% (compared with the Radian series) on the basis of fully wireless measurement. The weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, giving full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoor, Application environments such as narrow space and multi-machine integration.   Measurement operation process   1. On-site program formulation and base station erection   According to the size of the tower and the detection focus, the tracker station is planned, and usually a position that can see most of the detection areas and the foundation is stable. Based on the high integration and portability of API laser tracker, it can be flexibly installed.   2. Establish a global unified coordinate system   On the tower base or skirt, measure at least three reference points of known design coordinates (or establish temporary benchmarks) through supporting software (such as SpatialAnalyzer, Polyworks, Metrolog, Verisurf, MeasurePro, etc.) Carry out the optimal fitting alignment of the coordinate system and establish an absolute benchmark for detection.   Figure 4: Tower measuring site (I)   3. Accurate measurement of key features and real-time adjustment guidance   The operator only needs to touch the measurement position with the tracker target ball with a built-in prism in his hand (please refer to Figure 4) to record the spatial coordinate detection of the position to be tested and transmit it to the measurement software on the laptop for follow-up analysis. In addition to using traditional target balls for measurement, API laser tracker measurement accessories can also be selected to detect relevant data according to actual measurement needs. ( For example: cooperate with vProbe probe to implement hidden point measurement; cooperate with iScan3D for fast point cloud acquisition; cooperate with ActiveTarget active target to realize automated data collection; cooperate with STS six-dimensional sensor to achieve accurate measurement of 6DoF data, etc., please refer to Figure 5 and Figure 6) .   Figure 5: API laser tracker measurement accessory (from left to right: iScan3D / ActiveTarget / STS / vProbe)   Figure 6: Introduction to the function of the tracker measurement accessory   4. Measurement data analysis   Through the measured point cloud data, the corresponding lines, surfaces, bodies, etc. can be constructed, and the measurement data analysis can be carried out according to the detection needs.   Figure 7: Tower measuring site (II)     Figure 8: Tower Instrument Measurement Site (III)   Survey site   The on-site operation content of the measurement case in this article is: spatial trajectory measurement of the center line of the tower segment.   When measuring, the operator first places the API laser tracker at one end of the tower device, and then collects the spatial points on the inner wall of the tower cylinder, and synthesizes the corresponding circle according to different positions to calculate the center position of the circle. After the calculation of multiple center positions, the straightness of the center line can be evaluated according to the corresponding XYZ value, so that Achieve the purpose of testing.   Figure 9: Measurement Data and Analysis (I)   Figure 10: Measurement Data and Analysis (II)   Sum up   API laser tracker solution, with excellent measurement accuracy, strong environmental adaptability, intelligent human-computer interaction and efficient real-time feedback ability, has upgraded the detection experience in the process of tower manufacturing and installation to a new dimension.   It is not only a "diagnostic device" to find problems, but also a "navigator" to guide accurate construction. The API laser tracker ensures the horizontal placement of each tower plate, the precise position of each flange, and even the upright standing of the whole tower. It has greatly shortened the construction period, eliminated potential operation risks, and provided a solid measurement guarantee for the safe, efficient and long-cycle operation of large-scale industrial installations.

Customer background   A heavy industry enterprise in East China, whose main business is welding and processing large-scale high-precision frame parts.   Measure the demand   1. The hole position of the welding plate directly above is detected. The parts are about 40 meters long and 15 meters high;   2. Detection of the position and aperture size of the hole on the side;   3. The area of the reference plane is large, and the overall flatness of the plane and the height difference of the plane cannot be evaluated;   4. The temperature influence is difficult to control the position accuracy of the parts;   5. Online testing to ensure the size control during processing.   Figure 1: Large box parts to be measured at the case site   API solution   Using API Radian Core laser tracker measurement system, the configuration scheme includes:   - High-precision static measurement: based on Radian Core laser tracker, micron-level accuracy measurement is realized;   - Temperature compensation module: built-in sensor automatically corrects the impact of environmental temperature and humidity;   - Portable design: equipment weight <11kg, quickly deployed in the measurement workstation and convenient for transfer;   - Universal accessories can quickly measure the hole position and improve the overall measurement efficiency.   Figure 2: Radian Core laser tracker   Figure 3: The measurement site of this case   Measurement and implementation   When measuring, the Radian Core tracker will shoot the laser to the target ball with the built-in prism and track it. After the target ball fits the position to be tested, the tracker can manually or automatically measure and collect spatial data on the target position. After data collection, it will be transmitted synchronously to the laptop terminal. In the measurement software, it is used for follow-up analysis.   Figure 4: Parallelism test report of the upper and lower sides   Figure 5: Inspection report on the accuracy of the position of the flange hole of the welding plate directly above the part   Figure 6: Inspection report of the hole position on the welding plate on the side of the parts   Figure 7: Height difference size of the overall plane of the parts   Measurement results   1. Through the measurement of Polyworks software and API laser tracker, the accuracy required for all welding plate holes and the accuracy of the plane can be obtained;   2. Automated reporting: Through the rapid report generation of Polyworks software, the measurement needs of end customers can be obtained;   3. The wireless transmission function of the tracker and the reasonable application of accessories have greatly improved the work efficiency of equipment transfer.   Note: In addition to the use of Polyworks measurement software in this case, the API laser tracker can also be compatible with most measurement software on the market (such as SA, Metrolog, Verisurf, etc.); in addition, API also independently developed M according to the characteristics of the instrument and combined with front-line applications. easurePro measurement software can be applied to the compatibility of API full-series measurement equipment and integrated data analysis.   Customer comments   "The measurement and scheme of API has allowed us to find a way to measure this large workpiece, that is, to measure this large workpiece and control the size of the workpiece during the processing process. We are more confident in taking over the follow-up order."   Figure 8: API brand full range of laser trackers (from left to right models: Radian Plus / Radian Pro / Radian Core / iLT&iLTx)   More expansion   In addition to the Radian Core model laser tracker used in this case, the full series of API laser tracker products also include:   - Radian Pro, integrated IFM/ADM dual laser, measurement data can be traced;   - Radian Plus realizes the compatibility and adaptation of the probe and six-dimensional accessories on the basis of Radian Core;   - iLT/iLTx, on the basis of fully wireless measurement, further reduces the overall size of the laser tracker by 50% (compared with the Radian series), and the weight of the whole machine is only 4.9Kg, giving full play to the portable properties, fully satisfying and suitable for going out, outdoors, narrow spaces, Multi-machine integration and other application environments.   Figure 9: Radian laser tracker and iLT laser tracker   About API   The API brand was founded by Dr. Kam Lau in Rockwell, Maryland, USA in 1987. It is the inventor of laser trackers and holds many patents for the world's leading measurement technology. It is a leader in the field of precision measurement technology. Since its establishment, API has been committed to the field of machinery manufacturing. In the research and development and production of dense measurement instruments and high-performance sensors, the products have been widely used in advanced manufacturing fields around the world, and are in a leading position in the high-precision standards of coordinate measurement and machine tool performance test.   Figure 10: API Company Headquarters Building

About FDM 3D printer   FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printing technology refers to the construction of three-dimensional objects by stacking thermoplastic materials layer by layer. This technology is widely used in the field of consumer-grade 3D printers. Because this technology requires hot-melting the wire, and then stacking it layer by layer forming, it will inevitably produce layers of texture on the printed parts. If the layer pattern is not handled well, it will affect the printing accuracy and detail.   Figure 1: Indicative of the influence of bad layer pattern   Testing requirements of FDM 3D printers   Based on the structural characteristics and operation characteristics of FDM 3D printers, when testing FDM 3D printers, it is often necessary to test key indicators such as linear accuracy, linearity accuracy, vertical accuracy, and repeatability, so as to comprehensively evaluate the actual performance of the tested 3D printer, and will The excess part is calibrated and corrected to ensure the performance of the 3D printer and produce printed products that meet the needs.   Figure 2: 3D printer and XD Laser interferometer to be tested in this case   Problems encountered by customers   The 3D printer of the model to be tested by the customer is very small, and there is not much space to erect the testing equipment. At the same time, due to the narrow internal space of the 3D printer, the conical angle reflector design is required to be small and convenient. At the same time, measure as much data as possible under the condition of reducing the transfer clamp. Before inviting the API team to measure, the customer has tried to use multi-brand conventional laser interferometers for testing many times, but the effect is not ideal.   API solution and advantage analysis   After fully understanding the customer's testing needs and detection difficulties, API provides customers with a solution to use XD Laser 3D laser interferometer to test the 3D printer.   XD Laser 3D laser interferometer can detect the accuracy of linearity and linearity at the same time in one installation. When implementing the above detection, it has certain advantages over conventional laser interferometers. This article will explain the problems and measurement difficulties encountered by customers in actual measurement:   1. Two-point light   The full series of XD Laser laser interferometer adopts a compact and highly integrated optimized optical path design. The interferometer is integrated with the host. There is no need to erect a separate interferometer. It only needs to be installed at two points of the laser head and the target to the light, which avoids the problems of complex optical path adjustment and large space occupation caused by the three-point light of the conventional laser interferometer. Therefore, even if the customer in this case measures such a small 3D printer, it can still be installed smoothly and the inspection work can be completed smoothly.   Figure 3: Comparison of linear measurement of XD Laser interferometer (right) and conventional laser interferometer (left)   2. Effectively reduce the cosine error   When measuring linear accuracy, the conventional laser interferometer requires the characteristics of three-point light, which makes it more prone to cosine error (as shown in the lower left of Figure 3). When adjusting the light, the conventional laser interferometer can manually target the three-point light and the adjustment can only rely on the light strength bar located in the operating software, which is very easy to cause When adjusting the optical path, it produces a relatively large angle with the direction of the actual axis of motion, resulting in a large cosine error, so that the actual measured value is smaller than the real value.   When using XD Laser interferometer to carry out linear measurement, its two-point characteristics of light are supplemented by the display of digital straightness real-time parameters (as shown in Figure 3 in the lower right corner), which can reduce the angle between the laser light and the motion axis as much as possible in the form of digitalization, and greatly reduce the impact of cosine error. Low.   3. Fast and efficient straightness measurement   When using a conventional laser interferometer for straightness measurement, in addition to the interferometer group, it is also necessary to use a special straightness measurement mirror group. When adjusting, in addition to the alignment of the optical path, the lasers that are separated to the upper/lower (or left/right) two vertical reflectors need to be perpendicular to the reflector; and even if the measurement When the upper and lower and left and right straightness of the same axis, it is necessary to replace the mirror group again, use the special mirror group for measuring the upper and lower and left and right straightness respectively, and readjust the optical path; to measure the straightness of the three axes, you need to change the mirror group and adjust the optical path at least six times. If the axis with a long stroke (more than 4 meters), it also needs to be replaced. The long-distance straightness measurement mirror group is relatively cumbersome to use.   Figure 4: Comparison of linearity measurement of XD Laser interferometer (right) and conventional laser interferometer (left)   When using the API brand XD Laser interferometer to measure the straightness error, you only need to install it at two points, and use the integrated high-performance PSD displacement sensor to easily detect the upper, lower and left and right straightness data at one time. When measuring, as shown in Figure 4, the laser shot by the XD Laser host is divided into two rays of light after hitting the target, one of which is reflected back to the host by the reflection device for the measurement of linear data, and the other is divided into a high-performance PSD sensor for the measurement of linearity parameters. As shown in the coordinates at the bottom right of Figure 4, when the laser hits the corresponding coordinate quadrant of the PSD sensor, the measurement of the straightness parameter has been completed. Then the PSD sensor can convert the optical signal into an electrical signal, and then feed it back to the operator through digital real-time display, which is simple and easy to use.   In addition, because the conventional laser interferometer uses the method of interferometer group adjustment to measure the straightness data, it is not allowed to cut off the light during the whole measurement process, so it can usually only be used for the final evaluation of the straightness data, and it is difficult to apply it in the real-time adjustment stage of rail installation; XD Laser dry Because the instrument uses a high-performance PSD sensor to measure the straightness parameters, it also ensures excellent dynamic performance while measuring accurately. It is not afraid of light interruption. It can measure, read and display the straightness parameters in real time, which can be applied in the installation and adjustment stage of the guide rail.   4. Verticality measurement is convenient and easy to operate   Similar to straightness measurement, conventional laser interferometers still require complex mirror group arrangement and optical path adjustment when measuring verticality error parameters. Since the verticality measurement is based on the straightness parameters of the two axes, when using a conventional laser interferometer to carry out the verticality measurement, it is necessary to add the verticality measurement component on the basis of measuring the two-axis straightness mirror group. Therefore, more optical paths need to be divided to realize the measurement and reading of data. It is not easy to adjust more than 10 laser optical paths. It requires the operator to have rich adjustment experience and hand feeling in order to adjust the optical path to a better position and carry out measurement; and to measure the verticality of the three axes, it takes three such installation adjustments of the mirror group and optical path, which is relatively low.   Figure 5: Comparison of verticality measurement of XD Laser interferometer (right) and conventional laser interferometer (left)   When using XD Laser interferometer to carry out verticality measurement, due to the support of its high-performance PSD sensor, it has been measured 1:1 for straightness measurement. Therefore, when measuring verticality parameters, only a pentagon prism needs to be installed in the corresponding position to ensure that the 90-degree turn of the laser is Yes, it avoids the complicated mirror group switching and optical path adjustment process when using conventional laser interferometers, and greatly improves the measurement efficiency.   Combined with the actual measurement scenario of the customer in this case, in addition to the above comparison, the use of a variety of complex mirror combinations also requires a large workspace, and such a small 3D printer cannot provide space for complex mirror installation, which also causes customers to use many brands and models of traditional laser interferometers to achieve 3D smoothly. The reason for the verticality measurement of the printer.   Figure 6: XD Laser Interferometer   More expansion   In this case, API provides customers with XD Laser 3D laser interferometer, which can be installed at one time to measure 3 parameters (i.e. X, Y, Z) at the same time, and easily realize the measurement and detection of straightness error.   In addition to the 3D model, according to the different measurement application needs of the majority of customers, the API brand also provides you with 1D, 5D and 6D models of XD Laser interferometers, among which the 6D model can measure six parameters (X, Y, Z, swing angle, pitch angle, rolling angle) at the same time. There are also standard (measurement accuracy 0.5μm/m) and precision (measurement accuracy 0.2μm/m) to choose from, which can fully meet the measurement needs of daily production and laboratories.   Figure 7: The measurement site of this case   On-site application   As indicated in Figure 7, it is the operation site of the API brand XD Laser 3D laser interferometer to measure and test small FDM 3D printers. The small receiving mirror is combined with the working mode of two-point light installation, which fully adapts to the customer's measurement site environment and meets the customer's measurement needs.